tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29988968013710779292024-02-22T20:51:11.975+01:00Language mysteryA translator explores the miracle of languageVictor Dewsberyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18342577630994069368noreply@blogger.comBlogger32125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2998896801371077929.post-66844285545101956472023-03-14T15:41:00.003+01:002023-03-14T16:09:14.189+01:00Translating numbers 2: thousands and decimals <div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><p style="text-align: left;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Translating numerals is more complicated than it seems. The number
20.525, for example, would be just over 20 in English, but more than twenty
thousand in German. But that is just the beginning. There is a chaotic variety
of conventions for writing numerals in different languages. Let us start
exploring.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: left;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Tradition</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Historically, there was a fairly simple rule for translating numerals between
English and German. English has a comma as the thousands separator and a dot
(full stop) as the decimal point. German uses a dot (point/full stop) to
separate the digits in thousands, and a comma to signify decimals. Therefore:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: left;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">English 100,000,000 becomes German 100.000.000 <br />
and <br />
English 23.52 becomes German 23,52. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Swiss German is a special case. Thousands are often written with an
asterisk to separate groups of three digits, i.e. as 100’000’000. And there are
special rules for decimals in Swiss German. General numbers with decimals are
usually written with a decimal comma (23,52), but currencies are written with a
decimal point (23.52).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: left;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Standardisation </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">This is where things get
complicated. As early as 1948, the international standardisation body “General
Conference on Weights and Measures” defined how numerals should be written. It
stated that “</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt;">the decimal marker
shall be either the point on the line or the comma on the line</span></i><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">”. In other words, the institute was unable to decide between the
different national traditions and left both of them in place. But it was far
stricter with numbers above a thousand. It stated that the groups of three
digits should only be divided by spaces (e.g. 100 000 000), and that “</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt;">neither dots nor commas are ever inserted in the spaces
between groups</span></i><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt;">“.</span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Never dots or commas? Seventy-five
years later this utopia has still not been achieved. In the German source texts
which I translate, I now see three different conventions for numbers over a
thousand (100.000.000, 100’000’000 and 100 000 000). In English I see
two conventions in Internet texts and printed books (100,000,000 and
100 000 000). </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">This is partly due to the eternal
tension between natural language development and centralised language control.
Many people have never heard of the standardised regulations, or they do not
accept that a centrally imposed convention should take precedence over their
traditional patterns. But even the official statements made by standardisation
authorities, publishers and other major institutions show a surprising variety.
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: left;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Different standards and style guides</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The <u>German DIN standards</u> DIN
1333, DIN 5008 and ISO 80000 state that the thin space is the correct form in German, but
the use of a dot to separate thousands is permitted for amounts of money.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The <a href="https://publications.europa.eu/code/en/en-360500.htm"><u>EU interinstitutional style
guide</u></a></span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> requires that a space must be used to group the digits in thousands in English, and it prohibits the
use of a comma.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The house style of the British <a href="https://style.ons.gov.uk/house-style/writing-numbers/"><u>Office for National Statistics</u></a></span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> states: “Use commas to separate thousands ... and never spaces”.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The style manual of the <a href="https://www.stylemanual.gov.au/grammar-punctuation-and-conventions/numbers-and-measurements/choosing-numerals-or-words">Australian government</a> </span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">also stipulates commas to separate thousands, and forbids the use of a
non-breaking space. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The <a href="https://academic.oup.com/DocumentLibrary/SP/SocPol_author_style_guidelines_Dec2016.pdf"><u>Chicago Manual of Style</u></a> </span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> also stipulates commas as the thousand separator.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><u><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Oxford University Press</span></u><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> issues a mini style checklist for its academic journals. For “HUMSOC”
(humanities and social sciences) it prescribes commas as the thousand
separator, but for “SCIMED” (science and medicine) it prescribes thin spaces. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><u><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Wikipedia</span></u><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">: the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers">English style manual</a> </span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">stipulates that digit groups should be separated either by commas or by
“narrow gaps” (i.e. as 100,000,000 or 100 000 000). The use of narrow
gaps is particularly recommended for articles on science, technology,
engineering and mathematics. The <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Schreibweise_von_Zahlen">German style manual</a> </span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">only suggests the use of dots (100.000.000) and states that the use of
non-breaking spaces is controversial within the German Wikipedia organisation.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The <u><a href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/globalization/locale/number-formatting">Microsoft globalization documentation</a></u> </span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">states that the thousands separator is a comma in the USA, a dot in
Germany and a space in Sweden. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: left;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">What sort of “spaces
between groups”?</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Care is needed if we use spaces as the separators. A normal space is not
a good solution, because the number could easily be split in a normal paragraph,
e.g. 100 000 (line break) 000. Therefore, the space must at least be
a non-breaking space (CTRL-Shift-Space). But most regulations state that it
should be a “thin space”, otherwise known as a “narrow no-break space” (German:
schmales geschütztes Leerzeichen). Typographers can create this space character
as “U+202F”, on my computer I can create it with “Alt-8239”.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: left;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">What should translators
do?</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The decimal marker (point or comma) is fairly clear: follow the
traditional convention of the target language. The thousand separator is more
complicated. Translating into English, I would use the traditional format (with
commas for thousands) unless I have specific information that the other
convention (with thin spaces) should be used. For translations into German, the
simple answer is “it depends”. In texts for casual readers and in financial
texts I would tend to use the traditional form (with dots) unless there is a
specific reason to use a different version. In academic and formal texts, the
standardised “thin space” is probably best. For Swiss German, of course,
specific knowledge of the Swiss conventions for the text type and audience is
needed. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">This article is not exhaustive. I have not covered the formatting of
dates or the grouping of digits in phone numbers, bank account numbers or other
contexts. And there are many countries and languages which have completely
different ways of writing numbers. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numeral_system">Wikipedia</a> is a useful starting point for research into the many different numeral systems
in the world.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: left;"></p>Victor Dewsberyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18342577630994069368noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2998896801371077929.post-71409700643166871232023-01-10T17:30:00.007+01:002023-01-26T12:59:46.431+01:00Translating numbers: 1. How much is a billion?<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">This
question is not as easy as it looks. Historically, there are two naming systems
for very large numbers, known as the “short scale” and the “long scale”. In the
short scale, a billion is defined as a thousand million (i.e. 1,000,000,000 or
10<sup>9</sup>), but in the long scale, a billion is defined as a million
million (i.e. 1,000,000,000,000 or 10<sup>12</sup>). These two systems first arose
in the 17<sup>th</sup> century in Europe. The long scale is the standard system
in Germany and most other countries in continental Europe. So German uses the
word “Billion” for a million million (i.e. 1,000,000,000,000 or 10<sup>12</sup>),
and a thousand million (i.e. 1,000,000,000 or 10<sup>9</sup>) is called
“Milliarde”. </span></span>
</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Until
the 20<sup>th</sup> century, Britain and most other English-speaking countries
also used the long scale, so the terms were usually similar to the German
words. However, the early settlers in North America used the “short scale”, and
this became the standard system in the USA. Due to the influence of American
usage, especially in the development of computers, short scale numbers were
often used even in British English, so the situation was extremely confusing.
In 1974, the British government decided to adopt the system which was used in
the USA, i.e. the ”short scale” system. </span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Problem
solved? Yes and no. The official use is now the same in British and American
English, and most other English-speaking countries now use the same system. But
there are still people who prefer the traditional “long scale” system. This
means that the short scale numbers should now be used when we translate into
English. But when we translate from English, especially older texts, confusion
may arise and it may be wise to find out which system is being used. </span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">This
history of the number systems has also created “false friends” for translators.
A German “Billion” is not the same as an English “billion”. The words
“Trillion” and “Quadrillion” are also misleading. And a German “Milliarde” is
not a “milliard”. </span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Here
is a short list of the German terms and their modern English equivalents (with
the old British terms in red and italics):</span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 92.15pt; tab-stops: 1.0cm 148.85pt; text-indent: -92.15pt;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">10<sup>3</sup><span> </span>Tausend <span> </span>thousand</span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 92.15pt; tab-stops: 1.0cm 148.85pt; text-indent: -92.15pt;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">10<sup>6</sup><span> </span>Million <span> </span>million</span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 92.15pt; tab-stops: 1.0cm 148.85pt; text-indent: -92.15pt;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">10<sup>9</sup><span> </span>Milliarde <span> </span>billion<span> </span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 92.15pt; tab-stops: 1.0cm 148.85pt; text-indent: -92.15pt;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span>
<i><span style="color: red;">thousand million</span></i><span style="color: red;"> / <i>milliard</i></span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 92.15pt; tab-stops: 1.0cm 148.85pt; text-indent: -92.15pt;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span> </span>(Milliardär = billionaire)</span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 92.15pt; tab-stops: 1.0cm 148.85pt; text-indent: -92.15pt;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">10<sup>12</sup><span> </span>Billion <span> </span>trillion<span> </span><br /> <i><span style="color: red;">billion</span></i></span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 92.15pt; tab-stops: 1.0cm 148.85pt; text-indent: -92.15pt;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">10<sup>15</sup><span> </span>Billiarde <span> </span>quadrillion<span> </span><br /> <i><span style="color: red;">thousand billion /
billiard</span></i></span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 92.15pt; tab-stops: 1.0cm 148.85pt; text-indent: -92.15pt;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">10<sup>18</sup><span> </span>Trillion <span> </span>quintillion<span> </span><br /> <i><span style="color: red;">trillion</span></i></span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 92.15pt; tab-stops: 1.0cm 148.85pt; text-indent: -92.15pt;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">10<sup>21</sup><span> </span>Trilliarde <span> </span>sextillion<span> </span><br /> <i><span style="color: red;">thousand trillion
/ trilliard</span></i></span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 6pt 92.15pt; tab-stops: 1.0cm 148.85pt; text-indent: -92.15pt;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">10<sup>24</sup><span> </span>Quadrillion <span> </span>septillion<span> </span><br /> <i><span style="color: red;">quadrillion</span></i></span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6pt;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b>Another way of saying it</b></span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">There
is another way of naming big numbers which is not ambiguous, although it is not
used in general counting and in texts about finance and investments. This
system uses prefixes which are mainly derived from Greek, and it gives us a few
familiar words such as kilometre, kilogram, megabyte and gigabyte. Each prefix
has a rigidly defined value and does not change between German and English
(except for minor spelling adjustments and the initial capital in most German
contexts). The values are: </span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 92.15pt; tab-stops: 1.0cm 148.85pt; text-indent: -92.15pt;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">10<span> </span>Deka-/deca- (zehn / ten)</span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 92.15pt; tab-stops: 1.0cm 148.85pt; text-indent: -92.15pt;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">10<sup>2</sup><span> </span>Hekto-/hecto- (hundert / hundred)</span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 92.15pt; tab-stops: 1.0cm 148.85pt; text-indent: -92.15pt;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">10<sup>3</sup><span> </span>kilo- (Tausend / thousand)</span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 92.15pt; tab-stops: 1.0cm 148.85pt; text-indent: -92.15pt;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">10<sup>6</sup><span> </span>mega (Million / million)</span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 92.15pt; tab-stops: 1.0cm 148.85pt; text-indent: -92.15pt;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">10<sup>9</sup><span> </span>giga- (Milliarde / billion)</span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 92.15pt; tab-stops: 1.0cm 148.85pt; text-indent: -92.15pt;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">10<sup>12</sup><span> </span>tera- (Billion / trillion)</span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 92.15pt; tab-stops: 1.0cm 148.85pt; text-indent: -92.15pt;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">10<sup>15</sup><span> </span>peta- (Billiarde / quadrillion)</span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 92.15pt; tab-stops: 1.0cm 148.85pt; text-indent: -92.15pt;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">10<sup>18</sup><span> </span>exa- (Trillion / quintillion)</span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 92.15pt; tab-stops: 1.0cm 148.85pt; text-indent: -92.15pt;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">10<sup>21</sup><span> </span>Zeta-/zetta- (Trilliarde / sextillion)</span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 6pt 92.15pt; tab-stops: 1.0cm 148.85pt; text-indent: -92.15pt;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">10<sup>24</sup><span> </span>yotta (Quadrillion / septillion)</span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">There
are also prefixes for numbers smaller than 1, for example Dezi-/deci-,
Zenti-/centi-, milli-, Mikro-/micro-, nano-, Piko-/pico- etc. Familiar words
including these prefixes include centimetre, milligram, millimetre and others.</span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">There
is more to be said about numbers in translation, for example the punctuation in
numbers, the use of abbreviations in financial texts, the dimensions used in
the building trade or industry and much more. But these are topics for another
day. Watch this space.</span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p></p>Victor Dewsberyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18342577630994069368noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2998896801371077929.post-83236705199903171552021-04-22T21:12:00.000+02:002021-04-22T21:12:09.154+02:00Translation - fast and slow<div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><p style="text-align: left;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
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</p><p class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">We live in an age
of instant information. Has a major event happened somewhere in the world? In the twinkling
of an eye it is streamed, tweeted and live-tickered to every corner of the
globe. Has a war broken out? A volcano erupted? A plane crashed? A ship
stranded in the Suez Canal? We know it within minutes. We call this “real
time”. </span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">This strange
realm of “real time” is also the land of instant coffee, fast food, real-time
stock prices, express deliveries and just-in-time logistics. Its followers
sometimes claim that “time is money”. This is the fertile ground in which the
dream of instant automatic translation takes root and grows. Services such as
Google Translate, DeepL and others are immensely popular, and it is claimed
that the vast majority of language translation which is done in the world today
is carried out by “machine translation”.</span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Is there an
alternative to this expectation of an instant culture? I am reminded of a
character in the epic novel and film trilogy “<a href="https://www.allencheng.com/the-lord-of-the-rings-book-summary-jrr-tolkien/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Lord of the Rings</a>”. <b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treebeard" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Treebeard</a>
</b>looks like a tree but can move about, he is a “tree-herder” or “Ent”. In the
book and film he explains his idea of communication to the hobbits: <br /><span style="font-family: georgia;">“<i><b>You must
understand that it takes a long time to say anything in Old Entish. And we
never say anything unless it is worth taking a long time to say</b></i>“</span>. <br />That
contrasts sharply with our impatient and short-lived culture. It is worth
remembering some pioneer translators who took a long time to complete major translation
projects.</span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><h3 class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Saint Jerome
(Hieronymus)</span></span></h3><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"></span></span></p><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-8xPe_32appWuH1CX2YwDcoDc67zMzwmhq9Qn6zHLIPgFM8oM-85N3SyIURAZgUkhRnzA3YIbrrGTmYw9V1nGcDsUtlnFf6Ze6CyhR_kJgYCoxWUeIdZw3w026fQaseDR9-qOjynn2NY4/s355/Hieronymus+%25282+Bilder%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" data-original-height="261" data-original-width="355" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-8xPe_32appWuH1CX2YwDcoDc67zMzwmhq9Qn6zHLIPgFM8oM-85N3SyIURAZgUkhRnzA3YIbrrGTmYw9V1nGcDsUtlnFf6Ze6CyhR_kJgYCoxWUeIdZw3w026fQaseDR9-qOjynn2NY4/s320/Hieronymus+%25282+Bilder%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div><p></p><p class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Jerome lived and
died over 1600 years ago. He was a priest in the Catholic church, but today he
is better known for his translation of the Hebrew Old Testament into Latin.
This project, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulgate" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Vulgate</a>, took 17 years from 382 to 405, and during this
period he lived in Bethlehem - in the country where the language of the
original texts was spoken. He is commemorated in a wood carving in the crypt of
the Church of the Nativity and a statue outside the Church of St. Catherine,
which I photographed in Bethlehem in 2017. </span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Jerome died on
30th September 420 in Bethlehem. This day is now celebrated each year as
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Translation_Day" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">International Translation Day</a>. Many modern translators can relate to Jerome’s
international biography. He was born in an area north of the Adriatic Sea (now
in Croatia or Slovenia) and later spent time in Rome, Antioch (Syria),
Jerusalem and Alexandria (Egypt). He moved to Bethlehem when he started his
monumental translation. This helped him to learn the language of the original
manuscript better, because he had to use it regularly in everyday life. Many modern
translators also live in the country of their acquired language. I am one of
them: I come from England but have been settled in Germany for very many years.
And Jerome’s perseverance, working on a single translation project for many
years, is also something that many translators can sympathise with. </span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"></span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><h3 class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Martin Luther</span></span></h3><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4i-QIG4JofNotV8TuTCl8GXFqNgT7dBA9TwPbzfus9oVRFt6_cmvoqTXYM3V_0NK1vfeCk1H0A7HC-_t7vRhXDr9-FMCknQqiSBqIZV_ZsFdlV8nIQr6NJkVq9kP9tT77VRpQEcqGAdr3/s1311/Wartburg.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1242" data-original-width="1311" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4i-QIG4JofNotV8TuTCl8GXFqNgT7dBA9TwPbzfus9oVRFt6_cmvoqTXYM3V_0NK1vfeCk1H0A7HC-_t7vRhXDr9-FMCknQqiSBqIZV_ZsFdlV8nIQr6NJkVq9kP9tT77VRpQEcqGAdr3/s320/Wartburg.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div><p></p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Martin Luther
lived in Germany from 1483 to 1546. He is perhaps best known for his role in
the Reformation and for the founding of the Protestant church in Germany. But
he is also remembered as a translator. His German translation of the Bible was
widely published, and it is still used in a revised form today. Luther’s
translation even influenced the development of the modern German language. He
did much of the translation work while he was in hiding at Wartburg Castle near
Eisenach. </span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Luther was
determined to translate the Bible into the language of the common people. This
drew criticism from some conservative scholars of the time, and in 1530 he wrote
the “<a href="http://www.bible-researcher.com/luther01.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Sendbrief vom Dolmetschen</a>”, a letter in which he justified his work and
explained his methods. For example:</span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 80px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><i><span style="font-size: medium;">“In my
translation I have taken great care to write pure and clear German. We often
had to spend a fortnight or three to four weeks searching for a single word,
and even then we sometimes didn’t find it. We should not use Latin ideas when
we speak German, we should ask mothers at home, children on the street, the
common man on the market. We need to listen to them and learn how they speak. Then
we should translate so that they will understand it.”</span></i></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">As translators today, we have on-line
and off-line resources which Jerome and Luther could not imagine even in
their wildest dreams. Sometimes our tools can help us to translate texts far
more quickly. But sometimes we, too, need to take our time, explore the subject
matter of our texts and search for creative ways to convey the content of the
original. As Treebeard said in the Lord of the Rings: </span></span><br /><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">“<i><b>We
never say anything unless it is worth taking a long time to say</b></i>“</span>.</span></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Dear translation colleagues, is the content of our translation projects really worth taking a long time to say? <br /></span></span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span>Victor Dewsberyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18342577630994069368noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2998896801371077929.post-61342651051016136212019-03-25T18:49:00.000+01:002019-03-25T18:49:05.544+01:00More German construction terminology<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;">Here are some more German terms used in the building trade. <br /></span><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"><b>Qualifizierung/qualifizieren – Leistungsphase <br />Gebäudetechnik / Haustechnik </b></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"><br /><b>Qualifizierung/qualifizieren </b><br />The standard dictionary translation here is <b>qualification </b>or <b>qualifications</b>, and <b>qualify </b>when the word is used as a verb. In many cases that is a perfectly good translation, but the German terms sometimes have broader implications, so different translations may be needed. One such use is indicated by the dictionary alternative “<b>classification</b>/<b>classify</b>” (Langenscheidt). But sometimes it is a good idea to rearrange the sentence to use other equivalents such as “<b>be interpreted as</b>”, “<b>constitute</b>”, “<b>amount to</b>” or similar. <br /><br />But there are other uses too. For example, company brochures sometimes claim that they pay great attention to “<b>Mitarbeiterqualifizierung</b>”. This usually involves offering training courses of various types. Such courses may end with some form of examination which gives the employees new qualifications, but often the term can best be translated as a <b>staff training </b>programme or similar. <br /><br />There is another special case in the technical testing and acceptance of machines and buildings. German has a number of compound nouns for this process which include the term “Qualifizierung”: Installationsqualifizierung, Anlagenqualifizierung and similar terms. In essence this is a form of certification or validation, but the English technical term usually involves the concepts of “<b>design qualification</b>” or “<b>performance qualification</b>”. As always, the translator will need to consider what is actually being tested, verified or validated, how the term is actually being used in the specific test and how it can best be transposed into the flow of a clearly worded English sentence. <br /><br /><b>Leistungsphase </b><br />This term is used in a legal ordinance issued by the German government, the “Honorarordnung für Architekten und Ingenieure“ (Schedule of Services and Fees for Architects and Engineers, HOAI). This document defines 9 steps in the design and construction process, the “Leistungsphasen” which are often abbreviated as LP1, LP2 or LPH1, LPH2 etc. <br /><br />A similar list of steps in the design and construction process is also used in the UK, the “RIBA Plan of Work” issued by the Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA). The current version of the Plan of Work (2013) defines 8 steps in the process, which it calls the “project stages”. The previous edition (2007) proposed 11 steps which it called “<b>work stages</b>”. So the German word “Leistungsphase” now normally indicates a “<b>project stage</b>” in British English. <br /><br />There are of course differences. The German project stages only apply to the work of the architects and engineers and are allocated a proportion of the total project fee for such services. The costs of the land and the construction work are calculated separately. <br /><br />The project stages in the RIBA Plan of Work are numbered from 0 to 7 as follows: 0 = Strategic Definition; 1 = Preparation and Brief; 2 = Concept Design; 3 = Developed Design; 4 = Technical Design; 5 = Construction; 6 = Handover and Close Out; 7 = In Use. <br /><br />The project stages in the German HOAI regulations for buildings, with suggested translations, are LP1 Grundlagenermittlung (Appraisal/preparation); LP2 Vorplanung mit Kostenschätzung (Preliminary planning & estimate); LP3 Entwurfsplanung und Kostenberechnung (Design planning & cost calculation); LP4 Genehmigungsplanung (Planning for the planning approval process); LP5 Ausführungsplanung (Execution planning); LP6 Vorbereitung der Vergabe (Preparation for award of contracts); LP7 Mitwirkung bei der Vergabe (Cooperation in award of contracts); LP8 Objektüberwachung (Project supervision); LP9 Objektbetreuung (Project management). <br /><br /><b>Gebäudetechnik / Haustechnik </b><br />These terms refer to the infrastructure systems which provide services within buildings. “Gebäudetechnik” is normally more comprehensive, including heating, ventilation, air conditioning, room cooling, sanitary facilities/plumbing, electrical fittings and building automation. The term “Haustechnik” is often more restricted and usually refers only to areas such as heating systems, sanitary facilities/plumbing and air conditioning. <br /><br />The general English equivalent is “<b>building services</b>”. This term is comprehensive in scope and can include heating, electricity, sanitary facilities/plumbing, ventilation, air conditioning, cooling, building automation and more. You may also come across other terms such as “<b>installations</b>”, “<b>facilities</b>”, “<b>technical building services</b>”, “<b>building systems</b>” etc. I have also seen the translation “<i>building technology</i>”, although I suspect that this is often a mistranslation.<br /><br />Technical construction documents often use abbreviations for such systems. Sometimes these are internal abbreviations used only within the company or in a project. Here are some of the general abbreviations in both languages: <br /><br />German: TGA = <a href="https://www.itga-bw.de/was-ist-tga" target="_blank">Technische Gebäudeausrüstung</a> (technical building services in general); ELT = Elektrotechnik (electrical systems); HLK = Heizung, Lüftung, Klima (heating, ventilation and air conditioning); RLT = Raumlufttechnische Anlagen (air circulation systems) <br /><br />English: HVAC = heating, ventilation and air conditioning; HVAC&R = heating, ventilation, air conditioning and refrigeration, MEP = mechanical, electrical, plumbing (mainly in USA); A/C = air conditioning.</span>Victor Dewsberyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18342577630994069368noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2998896801371077929.post-65391661047055798912019-03-14T09:41:00.002+01:002019-03-14T09:52:17.393+01:00What MPs really want to vote on<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;">The first draft of a new Brexit bill:<br />"This House declares that pigs shall fly and that unelected feathered creatures shall not have a monopoly on movement through the air."<br /><br />Amendment 1: <br />The bill is prejudicial to cows, therefore it should read “This House declares that pigs and cows shall fly ...”<br />Objection 1: <br />Pigs should be deleted because some regard them as dirty and unhygienic, and others regard them as ceremonially unclean<br />Objection 2: <br />Cows should be deleted because the word is sometimes used as a sexist insult.<br /><br />Amendment 2:<br />"This house declares that unicorns shall fly ..."<br /><br />Amendment 2 was passed by a substantial majority.<br />But nobody thought to ask the unicorns what they wanted.<br /><br /> </span></span>Victor Dewsberyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18342577630994069368noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2998896801371077929.post-53214684134872492502019-01-09T16:00:00.000+01:002019-02-02T11:21:39.291+01:00Terminology in the construction industry (German/English)<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Terminology is more than just words. Dictionaries and glossaries are helpful, but often they do not tell us the whole story. Meaning always involves the context - not only the way the word is used within the sentence, but often also the social context in which the word is used in the country where the text originates. This is illustrated by a few terms that I have seen in the course of my translation work: </span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b>Baumeister - Entscheidungsvorlage - Decke </b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b>Baurecht - Bestand - Erschließung </b></span></span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b>Baumeister </b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">This is usually translated as “master builder”. <br />In Germany it is used mainly as a historic term for the architects and builders who created projects such as cathedrals, palaces or major public buildings. In many cases, the same person was responsible for the design, the planning and the construction work on the building site. In Germany the term was still used as an official qualification and job title until the 1980s. Now, it only survives in job titles in some regions, such as the “<a href="http://www.stmb.bayern.de/assets/stmi/karriere/iiz3_ausbildungundkarriere_qe4_20170201.pdf" target="_blank">Regierungsbaumeister</a>” as a grade in the civil service system or the “<a href="http://www.spiegel.de/karriere/einzigartige-bau-stelle-dombaumeister-gesucht-katholisch-und-schwindelfrei-a-758088.html" target="_blank">Dombaumeister</a>”, the person responsible for conservation and repairs in a large cathedral. <br />However, the term “Baumeister” still represents an official job title and professional qualification in <a href="http://www.deinbaumeister.at/de/home/" target="_blank">Austria</a> and <a href="https://www.berufsberatung.ch/dyn/show/1900?id=3638" target="_blank">Switzerland</a>. It is an all-round qualification which includes building skills, engineering, architecture and design, detailed planning, legal knowledge, building and project management. <br />What about the English term “master builder”? It is also used historically for the all-round experts who worked as architects and builders in former centuries. Nowadays, the term is mainly used for high quality building contractor firms who join together to promote their services, e.g. through the <a href="https://www.fmb.org.uk/" target="_blank">Federation of Master Builders</a> in the UK, the <a href="https://www.masterbuilder.org.nz/" target="_blank">Registered Master Builder scheme</a> in New Zealand and similar organisations in other English-speaking countries. However, there is a relatively new trend in English which is similar to the historical master builder model: the concept of “design build”. In projects based on the design/build concept, there is a single contractor which is responsible for both the design and the construction of the project. The modern “design build” idea <a href="http://www.arcom.ac.uk/-docs/proceedings/ar1997-072-082_Boudjabeur.pdf" target="_blank">originated in the 1960s</a>, but it is very similar to the historical model. However, the focus is on the project itself and the team of specialists, not on the qualification of any individual person. <br />So where does this leave us as translators? As so often, it depends on the context and the purpose of the translation. To translate the German “Baumeister” we have two key terms - the traditional “master builder” and the modern “design build” concept. In each case, we must decide how these terms can be combined to give the best rendering in the specific context. <br /><br /><b>Entscheidungsvorlage </b><br />In construction projects this term refers to information or a report which is presented to the client or developer. It usually outlines the advantages, disadvantages and costs involved in various options for details in the building plans, so that the client can make an informed decision. Possible translations are “decision memo”, “decision paper” or “proposal”. One of my translation clients is designing a major building and uses the term “decision memo” to describe such reports. In this context, I find this a good solution. <br />In other contexts, however, it may be completely wrong. In governments, for example, the preparatory work by civil servants to help ministers draw up new legislation may be described as an “Entscheidungsvorlage”. In English this would probably be a “draft”, or perhaps a “draft bill”. In other contexts, “Entscheidungsvorlage” could be used for a “change request” in factory or office management processes, a “credit report” in banking, and so on. <br /><br /><b>Decke </b><br />The basic meaning of the word “Decke” in buildings is the “ceiling” in rooms. But in multi-storey buildings, the ceiling of one level is also the structural floor of the next level. In building descriptions, the term “Decke” is often used to refer to the concrete floor/ceiling slab in such buildings. In road construction the word “Decke” is also used for the top road surface. Therefore it is important to find out what the word actually refers to in context. <br /><br /><b>Baurecht </b><br />In general and legal texts this term may refer to building law as a branch of law. But in texts about specific building projects it usually means “planning permission” or a “building permit”. So the phrase “Baurecht beschaffen” means “obtaining a building permit”. <br /><br /><b>Bestand </b><br />This can refer to the pre-existing state of a building, an urban district, a facade, a wall, a floor or some other detail of the built environment. When used in texts about monument conservation or restoration it may mean the historical original condition - and sometimes the goal of the project is to restore a building so that it is as close as possible to the original. In other texts about functional refurbishment or construction it usually refers to the existing building, the existing urban context or similar. <br /><br /><b>Erschließung </b><br />Another deceptively simple term. A dictionary suggests development, access or opening up, but the actual use in construction-related texts is rather more complex. <br />When used in connection with a whole building or a building development area, the word may refer to the road traffic system leading to the property, the public transport system or the supply of infrastructure services such as electricity, water, sewers, gas or other facilities. <br />In a single building the word may refer to the points at which the building can be entered, i.e. the main entrance doors and any entry ramps or other entry points for vehicles, or to the pathways or entrance roads leading to these access points. <br />Within a building, especially in large commercial buildings, the term is also used for the features designed to enable movement within the building, such as lifts and stairs (for vertical access), corridors, and in some cases moving walkways. <br />Often, these different meanings can only be deduced from the context. The translation will usually include words such as access, development or entrance, but the translator must add other elements to explain what type of access, development or entrance is meant. </span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"> </span></span>Victor Dewsberyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18342577630994069368noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2998896801371077929.post-30987891404370946832016-10-12T17:45:00.001+02:002019-02-02T11:26:05.394+01:00“We ran out of legs”This sentence appeared this week in an Internet newspaper report. How would you translate it into other languages? Surely it can't be that difficult! Every word is short, and I'm sure you had no difficulty understanding any of the words. So what is the speaker trying to tell us?<br />
<br />
I looked at various on-line machine translation engines to see how they would translate it into my second language, German.<br />
<br />
I entered the English sentence “We ran out of legs." and found four different suggestions:<br />
Wir liefen aus Beinen (Google Translate)<br />
Wir rannten aus Beinen (Microsoft Translation)<br />
Wir sind an Beinen knapp geworden (Promt online translator)<br />
Wir hatten keine Beine mehr (Systranet)<br />
<br />
So Google and Microsoft seem to think that Beinen (legs) is a place and that we left this place by running. Promt thinks that there is a shortage in the supply of legs, and Systranet says “We had no legs left”. I looked at a few other on-line translation websites, but I found that they had simply copied from one or more of the above sites.<br />
<br />
<u><b>Time for some context?</b></u><br />
I found the above sentence in a <a href="http://www.bbc.com/sport/football/37626880">BBC report </a>on Tuesday's football match between Germany and Northern Ireland. The sentence was a quote from the Northern Ireland Manager Michael O'Neill: “In the last 20 minutes of the first half we had opportunities on the counter-attack and we could possibly have done a little bit better with those. We ran out of legs a little bit to threaten them.” So in context he is saying: our legs were tired, we weren't fit enough, we couldn't run fast enough. And it turns out that one of the on-line translations would actually work in a translation of the report (the one by Systranet), although in this case I suspect that this was more by accident than by design.<br />
<br />
<u><b>Easy if you know how?</b></u><br />
Would you have understood the sentence from the outset if I had given you the context? I'm sure most of my readers would have had no problem, although some familiarity with football jargon (in this case the frequent metaphorical use of “legs”) would be helpful. But how would you fare if a report on a football match told you that one team had “parked the bus”? Or if the German report on the same game spoke of “Beton anmischen” (mixing concrete)? Would you instantly recognise that these images denote a densely packed defensive approach to the game? And how well would you understand the use of the word “leg” in another sporting context, such as cricket (leg before, leg sweep, leg spin, leg slip, leg side, short fine leg, leg boundary)?<br />
<br />
<u><b>The lesson for today</b></u><br />
This very simple example sentence tells us a few things about translation.<br />
<br />
<u><i><b>1. Context is everything</b></i></u>. Even a very simple sentence consisting of well-known words can be a complete mystery if you don't know the situation that it refers to.<br />
<br />
<u><i><b>2. Dictionaries will never catch up with usage</b></i></u>. The way words are used is constantly changing, indeed they are often used in new and unique ways at the whim of the individual writer. Writing a dictionary is like trying to pin down a moving target.<br />
<br />
<u><i><b>3. Computers can only go so far</b></i></u>. Humans are creative in the way they speak and write. If you use language creatively, I can normally understand you – as long as you do it in a language that I know well. But the computer hasn't a clue what we are talking about. The computer can recognise and manipulate patterns in the data, and some computer programs can do this very very well. But if our use of language goes off into uncharted territory, the computer is often up the creek without a paddle.<br />
<br />
<u><i><b>4. Subject knowledge is crucial</b></i></u>. I can understand reports on football and cricket matches because I know the games and played them myself once upon a time. But show me a report about motorcycle speedway, deep sea diving or Mah Jong, and your guess is probably much much better than mine.<br />
Applying this to my regular translation work: I have developed expertise in translating materials such as contracts, legal reports, court papers, architectural descriptions, building specifications and similar areas. I can understand what the writers are talking about in German, and this enables me to translate their texts into English. But I would be hopeless in subject areas such as cookery and textile design, and I am uncomfortable with medical texts.<br />
<br />
<u><i><b>5. There's more to it than meets the eye</b></i></u>. Translation is a highly specialised skill, and most people don't understand what it involves. And to my translator friends and colleagues: I would suggest that you specialise, learn to understand your subject areas extremely well in all of your languages, and never forget that you are offering a specialised expert service.Victor Dewsberyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18342577630994069368noreply@blogger.com8tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2998896801371077929.post-64027750326980137962015-11-23T09:02:00.000+01:002019-02-02T11:26:59.911+01:00Modern mass migration and “Christian values”<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Many
people in Europe and North America are worried about the current influx of migrants and
refugees. One argument used by some of these people is the fear that the
arrival of thousands of migrants from the Middle East will somehow erode “Christian
values”. I wonder what Christian values they are talking about. Christmas will
soon be upon us, and I stumbled on a couple of interesting incidents in the
Bible narrative surrounding Christmas. So bear with me as I outline some of
the “Christian values” which I see in the Christmas story.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">“We three kings of Orient are
...”</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">In
chapter 2 of Matthew’s gospel we read of “wise men” who arrived in Bethlehem
from a country in the east, bringing gifts for the newly born Jesus, whom they
described as the “new-born king of the Jews”. We are not told how many wise men
there were, we merely read that they brought three extremely expensive gifts.
The traditional interpretation in most churches is that there were three (and only
three) of them, and that they were kings. This version is re-enacted in
children’s plays in churches and schools throughout the western world. But the
real surprise in the story lies elsewhere.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Cultural and religious misfits</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Jesus
was born as a Jew. The narrative of his birth, life, death and resurrection in
the Bible is full of references to prophecies in the Jewish Scriptures, which
churches refer to as the “Old Testament”. But the wise men from the East who
came to pay their respects to the little baby were not familiar with the Jewish
Scriptures. They got their information from watching the stars. They were not
Jews, nor were they Christians. They were astrologists. Their cultural and
religious background was completely different from the normal environment which
is presented in the Bible. But in the biblical narrative, these differences are
not emphasised at all. The central point of the Christmas story is the baby
Jesus. People came from different social, cultural and religious backgrounds to
honour him. The narrative in the Bible does not build walls between different
world views. It simply points us to Jesus as a person.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Political crisis</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">However,
the visit of the wise men did lead to immense political problems. This was
because politicians heard about the “new-born king of the Jews” and felt
threatened. The king of Judea at the time, Herod, wanted to solve the problem
by killing the new baby. He tried to enlist the wise men as spies to help him.
And when this intrigue failed, he massacred dozens of babies and toddlers. But
he failed to kill Jesus. The narrative in Matthew’s gospel tells us that his
father, Joseph, was forewarned in a dream, and that the family therefore fled
to Egypt.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">A refugee child in Egypt</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">So
in his formative years Jesus lived for a while as a refugee in Egypt. The Bible
does not tell us how long this lasted – perhaps a few months, perhaps two or
three years. In our modern world, there are thousands upon thousands of refugee
children, many of them from the Middle East. I wonder how it affects our
“Christian values” if we remember that Jesus was in exactly the same situation.
Today there are many refugees who have fled from Egypt looking for a safe place
to live in another country. Some of them are now friends of mine in Germany.
But in the days of Jesus, Egypt was apparently a safe country which was able to
harbour those who were politically persecuted in other countries.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">My personal “Christian values”</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">As
a practising Christian, I consider it important to be friendly and tolerant to
everybody, as far as this is possible. I am pleased to live in a country
(Germany) in which many people say “Welcome” to refugees. I am pleased to be a
member of a church which has open arms for people from other cultures. I am
always happy to hear other languages around me, even when I can’t understand
what people are saying. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">What about the problems?</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Of
course there are problems. Managing the massive influx of hundreds of thousands
of refugees, even in an affluent country like Germany, is an enormous task. I
do not envy the politicians who have to find practical solutions on a day to
day basis. And there will always be friction between people with different
political and social opinions.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The
important question for me is not whether we all agree in the issues of the day.
My central concern is our underlying attitude. Are we willing to be open for
everyone? Do we want to build walls between people, or do we want to build
bridges? We need to know what we want before we can start arguing about how to
achieve it.</span></div>
Victor Dewsberyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18342577630994069368noreply@blogger.com7tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2998896801371077929.post-42586759118879515632014-05-21T17:25:00.002+02:002019-02-02T11:23:25.256+01:00The (almost) speechless translator<div style="text-align: justify;">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">It is estimated
that there are over <a href="https://www.ethnologue.com/" target="_blank">7,000 languages in the world</a>. As a translator, this brings me down to earth. I can communicate </span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">properly </span>in
just two of these languages (English and German), with a reasonable reading
level in one more (French). I know a few isolated words in one or two other languages, but I would not be capable of holding a conversation in
any of them. This means that I am speechless in 99.9996% of the world’s languages.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">This is
underlined whenever I travel to a country where one of these 99.9996% of
languages is spoken. Over recent years I have had language adventures in
Italy, Mexico, Spain, Kenya, Turkey, Iceland and Israel. In all of these
countries I am dependent on people who speak an “international” language.
Usually this is my native English, sometimes my adopted German. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">On my latest international holiday earlier this month, I was intrigued by this road sign, and I
still don’t know what the author wants me to do:</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTsK9X5gfH0B98iUyRhd1NbpugdhyWpkWqFRoaGlOA1WkGEb1xDokhC40eov3H26ZGjjCSWpBbTJq3NZZ4WmFv_7F-MSEr7vnU5ZO7JAQwLASYcDxf3NFZBfyfi0LEBMRAD10PKEzf6Yl0/s1600/Sign+in+Hebrew+(roundabout).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="223" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTsK9X5gfH0B98iUyRhd1NbpugdhyWpkWqFRoaGlOA1WkGEb1xDokhC40eov3H26ZGjjCSWpBbTJq3NZZ4WmFv_7F-MSEr7vnU5ZO7JAQwLASYcDxf3NFZBfyfi0LEBMRAD10PKEzf6Yl0/s1600/Sign+in+Hebrew+(roundabout).jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">I also found it
challenging to cope with this parking ticket machine in Jerusalem:</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWPdmRMPm7WxGPD2eIb08SZ86Xdx9cPL2q-0bym_X85YG1jyVvAha6TT_TdrerLyNo2abe_uwCZ9mqztnNMJWRMO_DZbuT_yGKmqJ-6jGqIsoFoGHsR_LrgOhd-M4m2z-tXL1ywpl2gskd/s1600/Sign+(parking+ticket+machine).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="101" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWPdmRMPm7WxGPD2eIb08SZ86Xdx9cPL2q-0bym_X85YG1jyVvAha6TT_TdrerLyNo2abe_uwCZ9mqztnNMJWRMO_DZbuT_yGKmqJ-6jGqIsoFoGHsR_LrgOhd-M4m2z-tXL1ywpl2gskd/s1600/Sign+(parking+ticket+machine).jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">However, in my
experience Israel was usually good at catering for multilingual needs, and traffic
signs and road names were usually given in three languages:</span>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhP_haKw83J4y-KjE1-YU5Mcq0Kz9zjk_bBq7GRaI2GlR9BwmjdZ3hDOGa8JGQIpnY2WxS9CKy38R6iXePHHWANlpcPBb5RG7nra26ZHc8QCEckJl74MX0LEdfw5ZMGvdswbcQm0wikC-5J/s1600/Signs+in+Jerusalem.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="88" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhP_haKw83J4y-KjE1-YU5Mcq0Kz9zjk_bBq7GRaI2GlR9BwmjdZ3hDOGa8JGQIpnY2WxS9CKy38R6iXePHHWANlpcPBb5RG7nra26ZHc8QCEckJl74MX0LEdfw5ZMGvdswbcQm0wikC-5J/s1600/Signs+in+Jerusalem.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIcpBA0dzhU2tW2FzIMd3nFKDrrf7XJS1tiXMdUE5yc0nNqpxAh8AayS5jYWiVgwqSblQQF5RgU-XA9gfqZo2PlKd3pk8vcx4o_ZyS-aArXCYbm4EisNw_TryjcWnsbwOZIiNiusV7G-6j/s1600/Sign+trilingual+(museum).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="145" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIcpBA0dzhU2tW2FzIMd3nFKDrrf7XJS1tiXMdUE5yc0nNqpxAh8AayS5jYWiVgwqSblQQF5RgU-XA9gfqZo2PlKd3pk8vcx4o_ZyS-aArXCYbm4EisNw_TryjcWnsbwOZIiNiusV7G-6j/s1600/Sign+trilingual+(museum).jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieknyTyjomE1USPWpiVnLsE4bp8tC5bJ8ZscGaH4kwuAyXT2ZRFpk5xN3tL39EgGfgaJ-vHaHruXZ5BFJOLKsYGHTMKl-M1gDigQltYu53hsErJbcSz-A2dM4-8Xa_uX5xoqx3j6pJwBLb/s1600/Sign+trilingual+(Jordan).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieknyTyjomE1USPWpiVnLsE4bp8tC5bJ8ZscGaH4kwuAyXT2ZRFpk5xN3tL39EgGfgaJ-vHaHruXZ5BFJOLKsYGHTMKl-M1gDigQltYu53hsErJbcSz-A2dM4-8Xa_uX5xoqx3j6pJwBLb/s1600/Sign+trilingual+(Jordan).jpg" width="230" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEip2jX7boJLifwa0yKgxUkhfNhyYDlDXVa6TekVuDZQZx-TsGiakiUdzVgqAk8RH7Dn2gx25xAD-7AjcqPz3Gj00aBW-t8WYY7PuRSYk7mj9u681w08uToSKKCioo6LP45Yh0EYH5p06K2T/s1600/Sign+Via+Dolorosa.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="237" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEip2jX7boJLifwa0yKgxUkhfNhyYDlDXVa6TekVuDZQZx-TsGiakiUdzVgqAk8RH7Dn2gx25xAD-7AjcqPz3Gj00aBW-t8WYY7PuRSYk7mj9u681w08uToSKKCioo6LP45Yh0EYH5p06K2T/s1600/Sign+Via+Dolorosa.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHoWWbgGf_Ao2mX_y-gi6QX4Jvyuf8G1h_DxgCyaUZDE-a7JjYtpgMxKbb1y9Q_ymWhdrx6uStzCzE2ZY2UBaQZ1XL7zNz7U9KFK2ipg2s81UyenHaA240oXSXVFo-0s5uWRxoiDlnnMGF/s1600/Sign+on+the+border.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="102" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHoWWbgGf_Ao2mX_y-gi6QX4Jvyuf8G1h_DxgCyaUZDE-a7JjYtpgMxKbb1y9Q_ymWhdrx6uStzCzE2ZY2UBaQZ1XL7zNz7U9KFK2ipg2s81UyenHaA240oXSXVFo-0s5uWRxoiDlnnMGF/s1600/Sign+on+the+border.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">In some cases,
monolingual Hebrew signs were supported by pictograms, and in a few cases
pictograms were used without any text.</span>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuyziWXhm3MoZ0a7s5Ur-2jN_zLPGoiMslHGl1hEZeJMcDgrX8cOKt_Gu8BBju2EvI6CXVfFfZhAiZZ3Em8nsvqOzNFi44hewHtTqMXO21yGh9cYBma3hO-TdN-QZtYyZs_RfewNgqkqGt/s1600/Loo+for+men.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="215" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuyziWXhm3MoZ0a7s5Ur-2jN_zLPGoiMslHGl1hEZeJMcDgrX8cOKt_Gu8BBju2EvI6CXVfFfZhAiZZ3Em8nsvqOzNFi44hewHtTqMXO21yGh9cYBma3hO-TdN-QZtYyZs_RfewNgqkqGt/s1600/Loo+for+men.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAEGbbspnQLNARD3Ki-0_g4bVgm0MlTWXPVPIMomM1BBs3pQ_On45PhRNobIt9cGi3dejTe8tO8DGpdG30Dip3PkQY6SYf_8WJpr_t0cqhctO_uJeeZBakcJ9nl6L8CnTKiXodSnd0VCt1/s1600/Loo+for+women.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAEGbbspnQLNARD3Ki-0_g4bVgm0MlTWXPVPIMomM1BBs3pQ_On45PhRNobIt9cGi3dejTe8tO8DGpdG30Dip3PkQY6SYf_8WJpr_t0cqhctO_uJeeZBakcJ9nl6L8CnTKiXodSnd0VCt1/s1600/Loo+for+women.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggO1Q1MeAz5FBAkI-etjwuY0t9j2cloILcZVl537l-3P63VkWzBOtp92AxVsr9r1YVF2KoL11NJZIPqWweMu_40a7bl6zSwjj1l0quo1XZNP5RIfq56g6oP2CaOV3Nhv2_ypa4ze1SyQlD/s1600/Sign+language.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggO1Q1MeAz5FBAkI-etjwuY0t9j2cloILcZVl537l-3P63VkWzBOtp92AxVsr9r1YVF2KoL11NJZIPqWweMu_40a7bl6zSwjj1l0quo1XZNP5RIfq56g6oP2CaOV3Nhv2_ypa4ze1SyQlD/s1600/Sign+language.jpg" width="226" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaEsXNK6PKLTDjLI6OjyXbd2c3P-XzqVEm5iwYLXWj0xr7blULVVHqlWMfPVBKpGV64c1d5vpPX3iMnoyAO71NmfRl11Gur20GxgiOxt0d7kFrJChYdS0KggBLOJsppuwNlg6MWSdHb57f/s1600/Sign+language+(camel).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="292" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaEsXNK6PKLTDjLI6OjyXbd2c3P-XzqVEm5iwYLXWj0xr7blULVVHqlWMfPVBKpGV64c1d5vpPX3iMnoyAO71NmfRl11Gur20GxgiOxt0d7kFrJChYdS0KggBLOJsppuwNlg6MWSdHb57f/s1600/Sign+language+(camel).jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">A special
curiosity was this clock in the town of Zikhron Ya’akov, which uses the
traditional numerical values which are expressed by using the first few letters
of the Hebrew alphabet. </span>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuUcxPphMRHZnwwjDsrNxSdnVBxcd_uu8B7kjcGFweriIIDs_m7q7DXRaDUA-8RNyf4ocxgNCU6kbzGAAGsXiAhP1HfMKPsb3qHpp1KCp6TISI-23w2LSD6TFCpE1JXyku-8ncXOeRipx8/s1600/Clock+with+Hebrew+numbers.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="309" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuUcxPphMRHZnwwjDsrNxSdnVBxcd_uu8B7kjcGFweriIIDs_m7q7DXRaDUA-8RNyf4ocxgNCU6kbzGAAGsXiAhP1HfMKPsb3qHpp1KCp6TISI-23w2LSD6TFCpE1JXyku-8ncXOeRipx8/s1600/Clock+with+Hebrew+numbers.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">For the record,
the clock shows half past one (1:30 or 13:30 hrs). Otherwise, I only saw western
numerals in Israel – except on the automatic car park information signs in Tel
Aviv, which show the number of free spaces in Hebrew numerals.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6pt;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">As a final
remark, I was very encouraged by a sign that I saw in the small town of Mas’ada
in the very north-east of the country, a town with a large Arabic-speaking population
close to the borders with Lebanon and Syria. As we drove out of the town, we
saw a sign in three languages (Hebrew, Arabic and English) which said “Peace be
with you”. I hope that this multilingual and multicultural attitude will prevail more and more in Israel.</span></div>
Victor Dewsberyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18342577630994069368noreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2998896801371077929.post-64348338925047444242013-05-08T13:08:00.001+02:002019-02-02T11:24:12.328+01:00Humpty Dumpty and the TAUS quality concept<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.2pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd;">
<span style="font-family: "tahoma" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The “<a href="http://translationautomation.com/" target="_blank">Translation Automation User Society</a>” (TAUS) is a think tank which
promotes the use of machine translation and technology within the translation
industry. It organises events and offers services such as data sharing and
language technology training. A <a href="http://translationautomation.com/articles/four-crossings-before-solving-the-translation-quality-evaluation-dilemma" target="_blank">recent article on the TAUS blog</a> focused
on the problem of quality evaluation in automated translation. It proposes a
model called “dynamic quality evaluation”. This model has also been <a href="http://www.linkedin.com/groups/Four-Crossings-Before-Solving-Translation-2866905.S.233041432?qid=ba495d30-c690-498c-96dd-ca39305104c5&trk=group_most_popular-0-b-cmr&goback=.gmp_2866905" target="_blank">discussed onthe LinkedIn group “Translation Automation”</a>, and Rahzeb Choudhury of Leeds
University kindly sent me a link to a longer report in PDF format, the <a href="https://tauslabs.com/dynamic-quality/about-dqf" target="_blank">DynamicQuality Framework Report</a>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.2pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd;">
<span style="font-family: "tahoma" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Looking at these materials, the underlying logic looks to me rather
suspect, like a circular argument. It is worth considering the reasons for
this.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.2pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "tahoma" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The TAUS
demographics</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.2pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "tahoma" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The Dynamic
Quality Evaluation Framework report is based on a study conducted with a number
of major multinational organisations (“reviewers”) which have a high volume of
text which needs translation. Most of these organisations are large businesses
with high volume technical products such as Dell, Google, Microsoft, Phillips
and Siemens. The organisations also include the EU, which has a high volume of
translations between the national languages in the European Community.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.2pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "tahoma" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">In other
words, the work of TAUS, at least in this particular instance, is based on a
very limited sample, i.e. major international organisations with an extremely
high volume of multilingual text requirements, most of which service a limited
range of subject areas. There is no consideration given to highly complex and
confidential legal texts which will be read in different jurisdictions, no
mention of complicated architectural texts, of urban planning, high-powered
business management documents and much more. Given this highly selective
demographic situation, it is not surprising that TAUS claims broad agreement on
certain priorities in its reports and other documents. I would suggest,
however, that the translation industry is much broader than the demographic
group represented by TAUS.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.2pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "tahoma" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The part and the whole</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.2pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "tahoma" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">This limited demographic
sample would not in itself be a problem if TAUS freely admitted that the study
deliberately focuses on a certain scenario and certain types of translation
work. But the actual usage in the report exacerbates the problem and is often
misleading. For example, there are frequent references to “the translation
industry”, although the actual descriptions and conclusions actually apply to clients (and perhaps selected suppliers) in the translation technology industry working
on high volume automated translation in specified subject domains. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.2pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "tahoma" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">If the work
of TAUS claimed to be impartial academic research, it would take a far more self-critical
approach to its own sampling procedures and would openly point out the
limitations of its material. Instead, it acts like a political pressure group,
presenting its results in the way that most suits its own agenda. In some of
the TAUS material that I have read, I have wondered whether this confusion is deliberate,
or whether it reflects a genuine inability to perceive that there are different
perspectives on the issues. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.2pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "tahoma" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Dynamic quality evaluation – a definition of
convenience?</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.2pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "tahoma" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The report on
“dynamic quality evaluation” uses this very problem as its starting point. It
states, for example, “Quality evaluation (QE) in the translation industry is
problematic”. The blog post claims “The industry needs common measurable
definitions”. Both of these statements pose more questions than they answer.
Which sector(s) of the translation industry is TAUS referring to? What quality
is referred to, who wants to evaluate this quality, for what purpose and in
what kinds of text? What measurements could be used to define something as
flowing and variable as language? To what extent would industrial-scale
evaluation and defined measurements miss the essential characteristics of the
material they are used on?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.2pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "tahoma" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Instead of
dealing with these fundamental issues, TAUS posits a quality evaluation system
with three main elements, which it calls utility, time and sentiment. We are
told that utility refers to the functionality of the content, speed refers to
how quickly the translation is needed and sentiment denotes the effect of the
resulting text on the brand image. You may notice that the actual quality of a
text is not one of the three elements. So where does it come in? As far as I
can gather, it seems to be relegated to a sub-category of “Utility” and to be
marginally touched on in the category “Sentiment”. At the stroke of the categoriser's computer keyboard, the quality of the text itself is relegated to a mere sub-category.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.2pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "tahoma" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The pinnacle
of the “dynamic quality” logic is reached in the blog post. At the conference
which is reported on the blog, there were apparently some participants who did
not agree with the majority opinion – they advocated absolute rather than relative
quality, and they felt that universal measurable standards did not do justice
to the phenomenon of translation. Then comes the classic conclusion: most
participants at the conference felt that “unless we maintain the simplicity of
the model we get lost in endless details and personal requirements, and we end
up … having no generalizable reference …”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.2pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "tahoma" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Get yourself
a cup of coffee and sit down and consider this sentence for a few moments. I
would paraphrase it like this: some people argue that the world of language and
translation is complicated, but we can’t handle a complex world because we
could then not create the simple and measurable system that we want.
We must have simplicity, so let there be simplicity. Simplicity rules,
simply because we want it to rule.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.2pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "tahoma" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">This is rather
like the semantic principles expressed by Humpty Dumpty in Lewis Carroll's novel “<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice%27s_Adventures_in_Wonderland" target="_blank">Alice in Wonderland</a>”: “When I use a word, it
means just what I choose it to mean – neither more nor less.” It would be a
wonderfully simple way to use language: I say what I want, and it means what I
want. The only problem is the puzzled expression on the faces of my listeners.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.2pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "tahoma" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The toxic disclaimer</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.2pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "tahoma" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The final
section of the blog is where TAUS dances on the borderline of Imperialism. In
the title of this section, and three times in the paragraphs, it mentions the
possibility of applying for the “dynamic quality” system to be certified as a
standard. Each time, the possibility is retracted, at least partially, rather like the song of the Mock Turtle in Carroll's novel: “Will you, won't you, will you, won't you, will you join the dance?” In a TAUS context, this translates as “we
would not be so sure that we would want to apply for official standardisation”
and “Whether we go for standard certification is a decision we can take
together when we get to this crossroads”. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.2pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "tahoma" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Together?
Dear TAUS, does this mean that you will gather all of the translators in the
world and involve us in deciding whether to apply for certification of a
standard? I think not. Your agenda seems to be domination of the translation
industry rather than cooperation with real life translators. You do not look kindly on people like me who have differing opinions,
far less do you take us seriously. For you, we are unwelcome “quality gatekeepers” who
are “blinkered by prior assumptions”. Ho hum, I suppose Humpty would be proud
of these sweeping allegations.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.2pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "tahoma" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Unintended consequences</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.2pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "tahoma" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The
occupation of Gaul by the Roman Empire gave rise to the insurrection by Asterix
and Obelix in <a href="http://www.asterix.com/index.html.en" target="_blank">the wonderful French comics and films</a>. Many other literary
parallels come to mind, such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke_Skywalker" target="_blank">Luke Skywalker and the Empire</a>, <a href="http://www.jasperfforde.com/index2.html" target="_blank">Thursday Next and Goliath Corporation</a>, etc. If you continue to play Humpty with the values which
translators hold dear, please do not be surprised when you meet opposition.
Every group which aspires to global domination must expect resistance. The rhetoric
adopted by TAUS and others will bring forth a myriad Luke Skywalkers,
and your glorious automated future will be lit up by the flash of lightsabres </span><span style="font-family: "tahoma" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "tahoma" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">all over the globe</span>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.2pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "tahoma" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Previous related posts on this blog</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.2pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="http://language-mystery.blogspot.de/2012/03/would-i-advise-my-grandchildren-to.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "tahoma" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Would I advise my grandchildren to translate?</span></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.2pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="http://language-mystery.blogspot.de/2010/11/still-building-babel.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "tahoma" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Still building Babel?</span></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.2pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "tahoma" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><a href="http://language-mystery.blogspot.de/2010/09/fight-machine-1.html" target="_blank">Fight the machine? (1)</a> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.2pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "tahoma" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><a href="http://language-mystery.blogspot.de/2010/09/fight-machine-2.html" target="_blank">Fight the machine? (2)</a> </span></div>
Victor Dewsberyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18342577630994069368noreply@blogger.com9tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2998896801371077929.post-33131762713193260632013-01-15T21:20:00.000+01:002019-02-02T11:22:41.400+01:00Terminology for parts of a city<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Texts about towns and cities
can be tricky to translate. One thorny problem which arises again and again is
how to translate the terms used for parts of the city. Municipalities are often broken down
into smaller parts. Sometimes these smaller parts have an administrative
function, sometimes they arise from social or historical traditions. The
best way to research the terminology of the parts of towns or cities is to look
at actual examples. However, the terms used in my two languages (German and
English) turn out to be rather confusing and inconsistent.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><br />
<h3 class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Terms used in German</span></span></h3>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The basic term in
German is “Bezirk”, “Stadtteil”, “Stadtbezirk”, “Ortsteil” etc. </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">I live in Berlin, and
here the term “Bezirk” is used with a strictly defined meaning – it denotes an
administrative urban district with its own elected parliament and its own
administrative structure. There are 12 of these “Bezirke”. My “Bezirk” is
called Spandau, which is on the western edge of Berlin and is itself broken
down into 9 formally defined sub-districts, known as “Ortsteile”. The most
well-known “Ortsteile” are probably Kladow, Gatow and Siemensstadt, closely
followed by the area where I live, Staaken. But there are also a number of smaller
areas with locally familiar names such as Klosterfelde, Altstadt, Neustadt, Wasserstadt,
Waldsiedlung, Pichelsdorf. These are referred to by terms such as “Gebiet”, “Ortsteil”
“Ortslage”, “Quartier”, “Kiez”.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6pt;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">What about other towns and cities in
Germany? In Mainz there are 15 defined “Stadtteile”, which are referred to as “Ortsbezirke”
in administrative texts. The officially defined structure in Stuttgart is rather
more complicated, with 23 “Stadtbezirke”, 152 “Stadtteile” and 318 “Stadtviertel”.
Munich has 25 official “Stadtbezirke”, but Wikipedia lists many informally used
local names for smaller areas, which it refers to as “Stadtteile”, “Quartiere”
and “Siedlungen”. </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6pt;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Other German-speaking countries have
a similarly broad range of terms. For example, the larger urban districts in
Zürich are the 12 “Stadtkreise” or “Kreise”, each of which is made up of 2-4 “Quartiere”.
Basel (Basle) has 19 official residential districts called “Quartiere”. Geneva
has 4 “Stadteile”, each of which is sub-divided into “Quartiere”. Vienna has 23
“Bezirke”, which the locals often refer to by number rather than by name, and
which are made up of “Bezirksteile” and smaller areas known as “Grätzl”.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6pt;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The list of terms for parts of cities
in German is therefore long: Bezirk, Ortsteil, Gebiet, Ortslage, Quartier,
Kiez, Stadtteil, Ortsbezirk, Stadtbezirk, Stadtviertel, Quartier, Siedlung,
Stadtkreis, Kreis, Grätzl – and this list is certainly not exhaustive.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Terms used in English</b></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">In my home city of
Coventry (UK), the parts of the city are mainly referred to as “suburbs” – even
in central parts of the city and without distinction in terms of size. There
are also some smaller units called “wards”. However, the suburbs do not appear
to play any administrative role in the government of the city. </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Just a few miles to the
north-west, in Birmingham, the terminology is more varied, including terms such
as “metropolitan borough”, “formal district”, “council constituency” “ward” and
“suburb”. In London I found references for terms such as “borough”, “urban
district”, “ward”, “suburb”, “neighbourhood”, “local area”, “inner London” and “outer
London”.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Other English-speaking
countries also present a stunning variety of terms. New York has five formally
defined “boroughs” (sometimes spelled “boro”). They are broken up into “neighborhoods”.
The term “suburb” is rather emotional, and many New York residents are adamant
that suburbs are only found outside the five boroughs. San Francisco has “districts”,
“quadrants”, “neighborhoods” and many informally named smaller areas.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The English terms
listed here, then, are suburb, ward, borough, boro, metropolitan borough,
district, urban district, formal district, neighbourhood, neighborhood, local
area, inner, outer, quadrant – and again, this list is far from exhaustive. Further
research in other towns and cities and other English-speaking countries is sure
to turn up many more examples.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Help! What can I do in
my text?</b></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">This variety of terms
in both languages means first of all that there is no absolute right answer for
any terminology question. Perhaps I could suggest a provisional sub-division
into primary, secondary and informal parts of the town or city, although some
of the terms will overlap, and many distinctions are likely to be relative.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u><b>Primary
sub-divisions:</b></u></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">German:
Bezirk, Stadtbezirk, Ortsbezirk, Stadtteil, Stadtkreis</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">English: borough, boro,
urban district, formal district, inner/outer</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u><b>Secondary
sub-divisions:</b></u></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">German:
Ortsteil, Gebiet, Ortslage, Quartier, Kiez</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">English: district,
neighbourhood, neighborhood, local area, suburb</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u><b>Informal
areas:</b></u></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">German:
Quartier, Kiez, Siedlung, Viertel, Grätzl</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">English: quadrant,
ward, suburb, local area, residential district, residential estate, housing area</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Scratching the surface</b></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">I realise that these
terms do not cover all that can be said about urban locations. For example, how
are the German “City” and “Innenstadt” linked, and how closely do they
correlate with the “city centre”, “inner city” or “central business district”?
How do we treat terms such as “Stadtrand” and “Randlagen”, and what exactly are
“Mittelzentren”? The list of open questions could go on and on, and perhaps I
will come back to some of these terms. But hey, I haven’t managed a blog post
for about 9 months, and this first venture back into “active service” has to end somewhere,
doesn’t it?.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>Victor Dewsberyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18342577630994069368noreply@blogger.com10tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2998896801371077929.post-22662187844798220482012-04-25T15:30:00.000+02:002019-02-02T11:24:42.196+01:00Computer language mystery solved by humans<div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
</div>
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB">Computers have
languages, too. According to an <a href="http://www.americanscientist.org/issues/pub/the-semicolon-wars" target="_blank">article in the American Scientist</a>,
even the experts do not agree how many programming languages there are –
estimates range from 2,500 to over 8,500. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB">One recent
example which highlighted this variety was the mystery of the programming
language used in the creation of “Duqu”, a computer Trojan which has been
studied by heavyweight anti-virus companies like Symantec, Kaspersky Labs and
F-Secure. These IT giants were able to see the code which this Trojan consisted
of, but they were not able to identify which programming language had been used
to compile this code. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB">Why didn’t they ask a computer? </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB">To me, as a mere
computer user without a programming background, the solution appears simple. It
is a computer language, and a computer is obviously able to follow the
instructions in the code (otherwise the Trojan would be of no use to the crooks
who created it). So a computer should be able to identify what language it is. This
seems to be an obvious logical conclusion.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB">But it is not
so. Igor Soumenkov, a Kaspersky Lab Expert, wrote a blog article “<a href="https://www.securelist.com/en/blog/667/The_Mystery_of_the_Duqu_Framework" target="_blank">The Mystery of the Duqu Framework</a>”.
The article outlines the history of the study of Duqu and the structure of the
threat which it poses, and it ends with an appeal which amazed me: <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2998896801371077929" name="_GoBack"></a>“<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">We would like to make
an appeal to the programming community and ask anyone who recognizes the
framework, toolkit or the programming language that can generate similar code
constructions, to contact us or drop us a comment in this blogpost.</i>” </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB">Digital guesswork?</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB">Soumenkov
received a flood of blog comments and e-mail responses, and the mystery of the
programming language <a href="https://www.securelist.com/en/blog/677/The_mystery_of_Duqu_Framework_solved" target="_blank">has now been solved</a>. But it is interesting to check out the wording of the 159 comments on the
<a href="https://www.securelist.com/en/blog/667/The_Mystery_of_the_Duqu_Framework" target="_blank">original blog article</a>.
They are peppered with phrases like:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; margin-left: 1cm; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">That code looks
familiar</span><span lang="EN-GB"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; margin-left: 1cm; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">It may be a
tool developed by</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US"> ...</span><span lang="EN-GB"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; margin-left: 1cm; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">I think it's a</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US"> ...</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; margin-left: 1cm; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">What about ...?</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; margin-left: 1cm; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Just a guess</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US"> ... </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">the first thing that pops to my mind is</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US"> ...</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; margin-left: 1cm; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Sounds a lot
like</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US"> ...</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; margin-left: 1cm; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">I</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US"> am not a specialist but </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">I</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US"> would say it could be</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US"> ...</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; margin-left: 1cm; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">One more guess</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US"> ...</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; margin-left: 1cm; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">This </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">does smell to me a little bit like</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US"> ...</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; margin-left: 1cm; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">I'm gonna take
a wild guess</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US"> ...</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB">Plus a generous
sprinkling of words like might, perhaps, maybe, probably, similar, clue, feel,
remember, possibility and similar vague terms.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB">Data or brains?</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB">For me, this
throws an interesting light on the use of computers in natural language
processing. The human guesswork in the comments on Duqu included many ideas
that turned out to be wrong, but the brainstorming process was helpful to the
computer experts involved, and the fuzzy process of human thinking led to a
solution which evidently was not possible with the computer alone. And all of
this for a language which is only useful in computers and has no meaning for
human communication (when did you last <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">_class_2.setup_class13)[esi]</i>?).
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB">The situation in
translation between human languages is comparable. Automatic translation programs from Google,
Microsoft, IBM and others can achieve a certain amount of pattern recognition
and sometimes come up with plausible solutions. But only a competent human
being can evaluate whether this solution is really accurate or appropriate. So
these programs can be a useful tool in the hands of an expert, but there is a
distinct risk that they may get the wrong end of the stick. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
Victor Dewsberyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18342577630994069368noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2998896801371077929.post-42144987321340132012012-03-02T11:47:00.004+01:002019-02-02T11:28:05.102+01:00Would I advise my grandchildren to translate?<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:trackmoves/> <w:trackformatting/> <w:donotshowrevisions/> <w:donotprintrevisions/> <w:donotshowinsertionsanddeletions/> <w:donotshowpropertychanges/> <w:hyphenationzone>21</w:HyphenationZone> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:donotpromoteqf/> <w:lidthemeother>DE</w:LidThemeOther> <w:lidthemeasian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:lidthemecomplexscript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:compatibility> <w:breakwrappedtables/> <w:snaptogridincell/> <w:wraptextwithpunct/> 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<w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="65" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="66" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="67" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="68" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="69" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="70" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Dark List Accent 6"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="71" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="72" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful List Accent 6"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="73" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="19" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="Subtle Emphasis"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="21" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="Intense Emphasis"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="31" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="Subtle Reference"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="32" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="Intense Reference"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="33" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="Book Title"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="37" name="Bibliography"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="39" qformat="true" name="TOC Heading"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif][if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Normale Tabelle"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} </style> <![endif]--><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 100%;">Bang, bang, bang. </span> <br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 100%;"><span lang="EN-GB">Is this another nail in the coffin of freelance translation as a career?</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 100%;"><span lang="EN-GB">A recent article on the blog of the Translation Automation User Society (TAUS) does not hold out much hope for specialist translators. The title of the article is “<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><a href="http://www.translationautomation.com/perspectives/who-gets-paid-for-translation.html">Who gets paid for translation in 2020?</a>”. I would love to quote the author of this article by name, but no name is given. Perhaps this is a model article, generated by a computer, untouched by human hand. This would graphically illustrate the creed which underlies the article:</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 100%;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">“In 2020 words are ‘free’. Almost every word has already been translated before. Our words will be stored somewhere and used again, legitimately in the eyes of the law or not. .... Even today ‘robots’ are crawling websites to retrieve billions of words that help to train machine translation engines. The latent demand for translation created by unprecedented globalization is making piracy an act of common sense.”</span></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 100%;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">The TAUS vision paints a glowing picture of a completely automated future, with instant computerised translation in every hand-held device, every computer application and on every website, without any need for specialist intervention. To achieve this, TAUS aims to build up a database of all the translation work done in the world. It seems to envisage three methods to do this: </span></span></div>
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<span id="formatbar_Buttons" style="display: block;"><span class="" id="formatbar_CreateLink" onmousedown="CheckFormatting(event);FormatbarButton('richeditorframe', this, 8);ButtonMouseDown(this);" onmouseout="ButtonHoverOff(this);" onmouseover="ButtonHoverOn(this);" onmouseup="" style="display: block;" title="Link"><img alt="Link" border="0" class="gl_link" src="https://www.blogger.com/img/blank.gif"></span></span><span style="font-size: 130%;"><b><span lang="EN-GB">BEG, SCAVENGE and STEAL</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 100%;"><b><u><span lang="EN-GB">BEG</span></u></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">: In conference lectures, blog articles and other publications, TAUS calls on translators to donate their translations to its central database. The reward for doing this is to know that we are contributing to the BRAVE NEW WORLD of global computerised translation. There may be some payback in the form of access to databases provided by others, but the rhetoric of the begging prose is that we should contribute for free to the ideal of a humanity without language barriers.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 100%;"><b><u><span lang="EN-GB">SCAVENGE</span></u></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">: The above quote speaks of the “robots” which are retrieving billions of translated words to train machine translation engines. But a scavenger takes everything that it can find. A scavenger cannot afford to be fussy about quality. There are two experts in the industry who have important things to say about this. First of all Kirti Vashee in his blog <a href="http://kv-emptypages.blogspot.com/">eMpTy Pages</a>. Kirti is an ardent advocate of machine translation, but he insists that the data used to train the translation engines must be of extremely high quality. The danger of the TAUS vision of innumerable robots scavenging for more and more data is that this can include lots of low quality data, so the resulting translations will be inherently problematical. The other expert is <a href="http://traductor-financiero.blogspot.com/">Miguel Llorens</a>, a highly insightful freelance translator who ridicules many of the assumptions of the machine translation gurus and elegantly criticises buzzwords such as the “content tsunami” and “crowdsourcing”.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 100%;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">As an aside: Kirti and Miguel disagree on many things - I suppose it is not often that they are recommended as two leading experts in the debate on machine translation.</span></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 100%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="EN-GB">STEAL</span></u></b><span lang="EN-GB">: It has often been suggested that Internet giants such as Google and Facebook are in fact data-gobbling monsters which think nothing of violating data protection standards. But at least in their public statements, they usually claim to respect the privacy of their users and to comply with data protection laws. Not so TAUS. In the above quotation, TAUS explicitly suggests that piracy is “an act of common sense”. I wonder if the similarity to the confiscation of private assets in the ideology of Marx, Stalin and others is merely accidental. Brave new world indeed!</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 130%;"><span lang="EN-GB"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB">Translation and my grandchildren</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 100%;"><span lang="EN-GB">By the time the brave new world predicted by TAUS comes to pass (2020), my own translation career will be drawing to a close, or perhaps already ended. But what about my wonderful grandchildren? They will be on the threshold of their working lives (and some will be still in primary school). What should I tell them if they ask about translation as a career?</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 100%;"><span lang="EN-GB">I will say: “Why not - if that is what you are really good at.” Of course I will point out the general principles of working in a career like translation: real language expertise in two languages, realistic self-appraisal and self-management, translating skills, the need for solid specialisation, how to use the tools of the trade (including computer-aided translation and various forms of machine translation), how to advertise and find customers and much more. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 100%;"><span lang="EN-GB">This is because essentially I do not accept the TAUS creed that “<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Almost every word has already been translated before.”. Even at the word level, in my work I regularly come across newly created terms or compound words (German legal and architectural prose has an amazing level of inventiveness in this respect). And at the sentence level, every language on earth has an incredible potential for creative new combinations of ideas and even new linguistic structures - after all, I believe that we are <a href="http://language-mystery.blogspot.com/2010/11/still-building-babel.html">still building the tower and city of Babel</a>. </span></span></span></div>
Victor Dewsberyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18342577630994069368noreply@blogger.com7tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2998896801371077929.post-19265655582474761342012-01-17T18:53:00.007+01:002019-02-02T11:25:17.304+01:0012 facts, hints and ideas on databases in DVX2<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms";">Déjà Vu X2 is a “Translation Memory” program (TM). It does not come with pre-packaged language content. Instead, it remembers your own work, i.e. it acts as a “memory” for what you have “already seen” (= “déjà vu” in French). </span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br style="font-family: trebuchet ms;" />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms";"><span style="font-weight: bold;">1. There are three types of memory: </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms";">The TM (Translation Memory), the TB (Termbase) and the lexicon for each project. </span></div>
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms";">The TM is a database where you can save the sentences from your source text together with your finished translation. </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms";">The TB is a terminology database which you can use for single words or whole phrases. </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms";">The lexicon is a database which only applies to the individual project. For every project file you can create a new lexicon. </span></li>
</ul>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms";">When you then work on your project DVX2 combines the content of these three database types to suggest translations and help you in your work. The methods which DVX2 uses to make these suggestions are known as “Pretranslate”, “Assemble” and “AutoAssemble” – but that is another topic for another day.</span><br />
<br style="font-family: trebuchet ms;" />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms";"><span style="font-weight: bold;">2. Big Mama and Big Papa: </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms";">You can keep all of your work in just one TM (“Big Mama”) and one TB (“Big Papa”). If you are careful to give your entries the appropriate subject and client codes, DVX2 will take these codes into account when suggesting translations from your databases. My main TM contains about 40,000 sentence pairs accumulated over 12 years, and my main TB has about 55,000 entries.</span><br />
<br style="font-family: trebuchet ms;" />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-weight: bold;">3. Separate TMs and TBs: </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms";">In DVX2 Professional you can have up to 5 TMs and 5 TBs open in any project, and DVX2 Workgroup has no limitation. So you can use your Big Mama/Papa together with external databases, e.g. a TM or terminology list provided by the client, general reference material such as the EU DGT database, or terminology lists from major enterprises such as Microsoft, SAP or from various banks. Or you may even decide to keep separate databases for different subjects or clients instead of a Big Mama or Big Papa. You may feel that this is safer if you work on texts for competing engineering or IT firms which deliberately use different terminology for their own brands. The problem is that it may be more difficult to access all of your reference material, for example if you know that you have dealt with a term or sentence in DVX2, but you can’t remember which database you were using at the time.</span><br />
<br style="font-family: trebuchet ms;" />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms";"><span style="font-weight: bold;">4. Fuzzy matching: </span><br />You can allow DVX2 to find matching material which is not quite exact. Under Tools>Options>General you can set a percentage figure for the variants which DVX2 is allowed to find (= “Minimum Score”). The default setting is 75%, but depending on the type of inflections which occur in your languages it may be useful to set it to 50% or less. The percentage applies to both the TM and TB. It does not apply to the lexicon – only exact matches are found in the lexicon. And the “minimum score” does not affect the performance of the DVX2 functions DeepMiner and AutoWrite.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms";"><span style="font-weight: bold;">5. Adding new entries: </span><br />This is very quick and easy in DVX2. For the TM you enable AutoSend (either with the tick box at Tools>Options>Environment, or via the icons at the bottom of the DVX2 window – AutoSend is the second icon from the right). Then all you need to do is click CTRL-DownArrow when you have finished each segment. For the lexicon you have to highlight the word or phrase in the source and target text, then hit the F10 key. For the TB you again highlight the word or phrase in the source and target text, then hit F11. This brings up the following window:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms";"> </span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjc9Otu3HcaRnGKoo_Y53W6bZNO94d1UCFFSuFYXxe2AhAuYlRFXSyxaMuCgjqwE4zVZ-2cZDy9XF6oIi4ZW8SZLXQPnfxY5gR99mbCseVYOzc5eFLkzQwRQmELasV_aufTIxt_DbZsENQc/s1600/TB+input+window.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5698662081913756418" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjc9Otu3HcaRnGKoo_Y53W6bZNO94d1UCFFSuFYXxe2AhAuYlRFXSyxaMuCgjqwE4zVZ-2cZDy9XF6oIi4ZW8SZLXQPnfxY5gR99mbCseVYOzc5eFLkzQwRQmELasV_aufTIxt_DbZsENQc/s320/TB+input+window.jpg" style="cursor: hand; cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 174px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 320px;" /></a><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms";">Here you can edit the term in either language to add or remove declensions, correct spelling problems etc. You can check that the terms are marked with the right subject and client codes. There are additional fields, too (Definition, Part of Speech, Gender, Number, and you may also see a field called Context). I have not yet seen any reason to use any of these fields, although some users may have found ways to do so.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms";"> The termbase (TB) is one of the keys to productivity in DVX2. It is advisable to add words, and even whole phrases, as often as you can. Some users have the principle of adding an entry to the TB in every single sentence they translate. Steven Marzuola’s <a href="http://www.techlanguage.com/tips/TDB_hints.html">article about using the terminology database</a> was based on the previous version of DVX (now often called DVX1), but it offers great advice which is also relevant to DVX2. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms";"><span style="font-weight: bold;">6. Subject and client codes: </span><br />These are important, because DVX2 refers to them when it decides what material to offer to help you with your current translation. When you first install DVX2, you will see a suggested list of subjects, but you can easily delete this and create your own list if you think this is better for your work. Each subject consists of a short index code (435 in my example above) and a descriptive text (Regional planning/ecology). When DVX2 decides how close the subject is to your current project, it works hierarchically, so in this example it would consider that entries with my subject codes 43 (Urban planning) and 4 (Building) are closely related. You can use letters instead of numbers if this suits your work.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms";"><span style="font-weight: bold;">7. Build lexicon: </span><br />This is a function which you can find in the “Lexicon” menu, and which is sometimes useful in preparation for a job which is heavy on terminology. I use this function for between 5% and 10% of my jobs. My procedure is as follows. First I call up “Build lexicon” and define the maximum number of words (usually 4). The program then takes a couple of minutes to find solutions. Then I open the lexicon (with the Project Explorer), click on the heading over the left hand column and define the sort criteria: 1. Number of words (descending), 2. Frequency (descending). Then I go through the list manually from the top. First I decide which four-word phrases are worth adding a lexicon entry for. This is usually only worthwhile for phrases which are meaningful in themselves and which occur frequently. When I get down to phrases which appear three times or less, I then use the scroll bar to move down to the most frequent three-word phrases. And so on, until I have defined a number of lexicon entries. Then I select “Remove entries” from the Lexicon menu, click on “Entries with empty targets” and OK. Typically, this gives me between 30 and 50 lexicon entries for a job consisting of several hundred segments, but they are entries which occur frequently and require consistency, so this preliminary process improves the results achieved by Pretranslate or Assemble as I work on the job.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms";"> This function (Build lexicon) can also be used to identify terms that can be used for a terminology list to be delivered to the client if this is part of the client’s instructions for the job. Over the years I have only had one such project, but this may be relevant for translators who often work in highly technical fields.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms";"><span style="font-weight: bold;">8. Names, places and proprietary titles: </span><br />These are the classic elements which should be added to the lexicon. If you have a product name or number, this is normally only relevant to the job in hand. You do not usually want this term to occur in jobs for other clients. The same applies to the names of the people who work for the client. Therefore, such elements should only be sent to the lexicon, and not to the termbase. But some names occur so often that they may be useful in the TB. My general principle here: if names could be confused with actual words in the language, they are not suitable for the TB. So the common German name Helmut is not in my TB because, depending on the level of fuzzy matching, it could be confused with the word Helm=helmet (and the declined forms Helme/Helmen/Helmes). Similarly, the surname Kohl is not in the TB to avoid confusion with Kohl=cabbage (and the near-match Kohle=coal). But the two names together are in the TB – i.e. the former German Chancellor Helmut Kohl. And other famous politicians are there too with the spelling in German and English, such as Gorbatschow/Gorbachev.<br /></span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms";"><span style="font-weight: bold;">9. Adapting your use of the databases to your languages: </span><br />In some cases, your language pair and translation direction will influence the way you use the different databases because of issues such as word order and inflection. One example of this is the English phrase “public green spaces”. In French the words come in a different order, e.g. “espaces verts publics”, and alternative wordings are possible, e.g. “espaces verts des lieux publics”, “espace verts ouverts au public”, “espaces verts pour le public” etc. (Thanks to Dave Turner for providing these and other examples). In German the first translation that comes to mind is “öffentliche Grünflächen”, although the first word could also be declined as “öffentlichen”.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms";"> If you are translating from French to English, you will probably want to enter each and every French phrase as a lexical unit, especially if it occurs frequently in the type of text you deal with. Merely entering the elements does not help very much, because the order of the words must be changed. Depending on your type of work and the frequency of such phrases, you may decide to store them in the lexicon, the TB or the TM.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms";"> If you are translating from German, in this case it is sufficient to add the two words to the termbase and let DVX2 handle the endings as “fuzzy matches”. Even if we consider phrases with a greater number of inflected variants such as “public building”, (“öffentliche Gebäude”, “öffentliches Gebäude”, “öffentlichen Gebäudes”, “öffentlichem Gebäude”), it is still possible to enter just one version of each word and use fuzzy matching. The advantage here is that although the German source is inflected, the English target phrase is not.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms";"> Translating from a largely uninflected language into inflected languages like French and German can be more complicated, so you will have to find a strategy which fits the languages that you work with. There is no single solution which will work for all languages and all subject areas, but DVX2 offers flexibility in the use of the databases.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms";"><span style="font-weight: bold;">10. Looking things up in the database: </span><br />There are various ways to access the information that is in your databases. The first is that DVX2 uses this information to compile its suggested translation (when you use the functions “Pretranslate”, “Assemble” or “AutoAssemble”). When you have done that, you will see that some words or phrases in the suggested translation are underlined in blue. These are terms for which your databases contain several possibilities. Right clicking on the word or phrase will show you the other suggestions, and you can examine these and select them with the mouse or by using the number shown. The third way to see the relevant content of your database is by looking at the “Portions” window or windows. There are several screenshots illustrating this <a href="http://language-mystery.blogspot.com/2011/11/dvx2-screenshot-gallery.html">here</a>. The fourth way to look up the information is to use Scan (CTRL-S) to call up a concordance from the TM, or Lookup (CTRL-L) to see entries from the TB.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms";"><span style="font-weight: bold;">11. Moving databases to another computer: </span><br />If you need to move your work to a different computer, e.g. to work on a laptop while you are travelling, you will need to copy certain files to the other computer. The first file is your project file, which has the extension .dvprj. The project file contains the lexicon, so no special steps are needed to transfer the lexicon. The termbase is a single file with the extension .dvtdb. The TM consists of at least four files. The main content is in a file with the extension .dvmdb. Then there is an index file for each of your languages; my index files have the extension en.dvmdi and de.dvmdi (for English and German). There is also a file with the extension .dvmdx. When you open the project on the other computer, DVX2 may complain that it cannot find the databases. But this is not a problem – when the project is open, you can select them with Project>Properties>Databases. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms";"> Another file which is worth moving to the other computer is the settings file with the extension .dvset. This contains your subject and client lists and various other settings. And don’t forget your dongle, or if you use an electronic licence key, make sure that the key will apply to the other computer.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms";"><span style="font-weight: bold;">12. How to find out more: </span><br />For more detailed information it is worth looking at the DVX2 User Guide for <a href="http://www.atril.com/en/software/deja-vu-x-professional">DVX2 Professional</a> or <a href="http://www.atril.com/en/software/deja-vu-x-workgroup">DVX2 Workgroup</a>. The link is at the bottom of the page, and the user guides are PDF files with over 600 pages. On the website <a href="http://www.atril.com/">http://www.atril.com</a> there are also links to various videos, webinars and training courses, and also to the mailing list dejavu-l (under Support>Technical forum). </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms";"> I already mentioned Steven Marzuola’s <a href="http://www.techlanguage.com/tips/TDB_hints.html">article on terminology databases</a>. It is also worth looking at Nelson Laterman’s <a href="http://www.necco.ca/dv/index.htm">collection of tips and tricks</a> for DVX1 (and even its predecessor DV3).</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms";">I am sure there are plenty of tips and questions which I have not covered, so I am looking forward to reading comments by my readers.</span><br />
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locked="false" priority="72" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful List Accent 6"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="73" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="19" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="Subtle Emphasis"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="21" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="Intense Emphasis"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="31" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="Subtle Reference"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="32" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="Intense Reference"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="33" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="Book Title"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="37" name="Bibliography"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="39" qformat="true" name="TOC Heading"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Normale Tabelle"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} </style> <![endif]--><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; font-family:trebuchet ms;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: DE;font-size:100%;" >Curiosity finally got the better of me, and I am now the owner of an Amazon Kindle eReader - the version with a keyboard, Wi-fi and 3G Internet access. </span></p><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;"> </span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; font-family:trebuchet ms;"><span style="mso-ansi-language:DE;mso-fareast-language:DE;mso-no-proof:yesfont-size:100%;" ><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUibQZY76Y-LLWmfTIS7pPKeU57Fexjbzrk9nqOn8NzDL48LnzuifCZARtoXn8X6cjPQIUm-M4H-BKD6EdDaRGj_B7YKzCbMrsEFhzGlt0boN78AvtYrUrx4m9lq2Q3vPBxqYTFZFE29Gs/s1600/Kindle.pic.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 242px; height: 320px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUibQZY76Y-LLWmfTIS7pPKeU57Fexjbzrk9nqOn8NzDL48LnzuifCZARtoXn8X6cjPQIUm-M4H-BKD6EdDaRGj_B7YKzCbMrsEFhzGlt0boN78AvtYrUrx4m9lq2Q3vPBxqYTFZFE29Gs/s320/Kindle.pic.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5680900313096449074" border="0" /></a></span><span style="font-size:100%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="mso-ansi-language:DE">First impressions</span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; font-family:trebuchet ms;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: DE;font-size:100%;" >I don't want to go through all the features - there are plenty of technical websites that do that (including Amazon's own website). I will focus on two aspects. Firstly, what have I noticed about its usability in practice over the first few days? And secondly, how useful will it be for me as a translator?</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; font-family:trebuchet ms;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: DE;font-size:100%;" >Let's start with a couple of negative points. Although the text is crisply defined and can quickly be adjusted to different sizes, the background is rather grey. I knew in advance that the Kindle screen is not "backlit", so it needs daylight or artificial light to read. But comparisons with the legibility of text on paper are only partly true, because the background is darker than paper. Reading it in a dimly lit room is rather difficult, so you need a reading light or a clip-on battery light. With the right lighting, however, it is easy and pleasant to read.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; font-family:trebuchet ms;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: DE;font-size:100%;" >Turning the pages of a book is easy and quick, especially compared with printed books. In other respects, however, navigation is slightly clunky and takes some getting used to. There is no mouse or touchpad, and this Kindle doesn't have a touchscreen. To move around on the page, there are 4 tiny little arrow keys, and to move to a word in the middle of the page you have to press the down and left/right keys several times. I suppose I am spoiled by my other equipment: desktop PC with a mouse, laptop/netbook with a trackpad or mouse, smartphone with a touchscreen. So my first impression of the Kindle keyboard is rather like time travel - as if I were moving back to a slightly older technology.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; font-family:trebuchet ms;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: DE;font-size:100%;" >Some of the ebooks that I have downloaded are even more difficult to navigate. One of the things I want to do with the Kindle is to read the Bible. I have checked a number of Bibles in both English and German, and incredibly I find that many of them have no table of contents at all. The Bible is not the sort of book that you read sequentially from front to back, so a table of contents is essential. I have found one or two that I can use, but the selection of properly indexed Bibles is very small indeed.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; font-family:trebuchet ms;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: DE;font-size:100%;" >One feature of this Kindle is the free Internet access over the 3G network in all of the countries that I am likely to travel to. This feature is mainly designed to let me access the Amazon store when I am on the road, but the Kindle also has a rudimentary browser (which Amazon calls "experimental"). I have tried it, and I am really able to access my own e-mail account with this browser. But operating a browser with only arrow keys and no mouse feels rather clumsy. It is easier, faster and more pleasant to check e-mails and the Internet with my smartphone, in spite of the smaller screen. So I will hardly use the "experimental" browser in Germany, where I have an Internet flatrate on the smartphone. But it will be useful, for example, when I visit the UK and am not within reach of a Wi-fi access point.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; font-family:trebuchet ms;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: DE;font-size:100%;" > </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; font-family:trebuchet ms;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="mso-ansi-language:DE">Kindle for translators?</span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; font-family:trebuchet ms;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: DE;font-size:100%;" >On my Kindle I have three free monolingual dictionaries (Oxford Dictionary of English, New Oxford American Dictionary and Duden Universalwörterbuch). Here, the indexing is excellent. I can choose one of them as my default dictionary, and when I am reading on the Kindle I can look words up directly from the text. Or I can open one of them from the menu and search in the dictionary, and even turn the pages to check out entries before and after the keyword I have entered. A couple of times during the last few days I have used these dictionaries to check terms in both German and English in the course of my work. I will probably also download a thesaurus for English, and one for German, too.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; font-family:trebuchet ms;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: DE;font-size:100%;" >Amazon's Kindle shop offers various bilingual dictionaries, although most of them seem to be targeted at general users rather than professional translators. There may be some specialist dictionaries worth buying - for example I am currently checking the free sample of an illustrated bilingual engineering dictionary. The Kindle Shop could also be a useful source of monolingual specialist literature. There are dictionaries in either language for subjects such as law, property/construction and many others. It also offers the text of German laws for a very moderate price. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; font-family:trebuchet ms;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: DE;font-size:100%;" >Another feature of the Kindle is that I can send my own documents to it in various file formats. This could be useful for anything I need to refer to during my work (source documents, abbreviation lists, background texts etc.). To test this function, I sent the DVX2 manual to my Kindle. It is a PDF file which is over 600 pages long, and the table of contents is not indexed for the Kindle, so navigation is limited. But I entered the search term "DeepMiner", and it jumped through the manual from one instance to another until it found the section that actually explains how this function works. I was then able to rotate the screen to wide format and adjust the size so that I could read it reasonably well. The display is not in colour, and navigation is more clumsy than on a desktop or laptop computer, but for some purposes this function could be useful.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; font-family:trebuchet ms;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: DE;font-size:100%;" > </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; font-family:trebuchet ms;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: DE;font-size:100%;" >The classic use for the Kindle, of course, is to read books from start to finish. This works well, and it is convenient to have a selection of books in just one relatively lightweight device which claims to be able to store 3,000 books or more (especially when travelling). Only time will tell whether I use my Kindle mainly for leisure reading purposes, or whether it really becomes a regular part of my workflow.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family:trebuchet ms;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: DE;font-size:100%;" ><span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span></span></p>Victor Dewsberyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18342577630994069368noreply@blogger.com13tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2998896801371077929.post-24182038100369316682011-11-11T11:23:00.009+01:002019-02-02T11:25:40.863+01:00DVX2 screenshot gallery<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 100%;">At first sight, the screen of the Translation Memory program DéjàVuX2 (DVX2) is just a mass of boxes, a chaotic pattern of vertical and horizontal lines. What are they all for? Where in this enormous jigsaw puzzle can I find the text I want to translate? What other information is provided on the screen, and how is it helpful? The best way to explore this is with screenshots.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 100%;"><br /><b style="font-family: trebuchet ms;"><span lang="EN-GB">The classic layout</span></b><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiV99aFkYvpFcFbGPKzZvZb3sqPQb-FY4esTSj8pHnNEFJGARns1Du78-SbRJL50RmeDU__FpwcQ_rFy7QwnvfNBhjm6E1Qk2yengXQbUuZiUzK9h80un45ab5iYfgLdXnHBDsFcuYkaNNb/s1600/Classic.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5673682700828977906" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiV99aFkYvpFcFbGPKzZvZb3sqPQb-FY4esTSj8pHnNEFJGARns1Du78-SbRJL50RmeDU__FpwcQ_rFy7QwnvfNBhjm6E1Qk2yengXQbUuZiUzK9h80un45ab5iYfgLdXnHBDsFcuYkaNNb/s320/Classic.jpg" style="cursor: hand; cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 180px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 320px;" /></a></span></div>
<div style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms";">When you start working on a project with DVX2, the screen will probably look something like this. The pane at the top left is the working area. The left column is headed "German" - that is my source language. The right column, English (United Kingdom), is where my translation goes.</span> </span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 100%;"> </span><br />
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 100%;">At the bottom left and bottom right of the screen I can see my reference material. At the bottom right I have terminology suggestions ("AutoSearch Portions"), and at the bottom left I have similar sentences ("AutoSearch Segments"). The top right ("Project Explorer") shows me the files in the project. When I am working on the translation, I normally hide this pane so that I have the full window height for the terminology.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 100%;">There are various ways to personalise this layout. I can change the font and type size in the various windows, and I can also change the arrangement of the different panes in the working window.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 100%;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-family: "trebuchet ms"; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 100%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB">My personal layout</span></b></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 100%;">Modern monitors, laptops and netbooks tend to have a wide screen. There is not much space to display elements above each other, so it is sometimes better to display the elements side by side. Therefore, my normal DVX2 screen looks like this:</span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-language: DE; mso-no-proof: yesfont-size:100%;"> </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 100%;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdAVx-Yso-XbhpVn9iGKH5vb1hlKATdA1lKECnjigXhnf5zqTn3kn9Wej2buRDkEdA7XCy01FQxIP0-mv8A80Er_yezCqUfz5BW9lU7oXrQzIvqS21XJigHiAHTEgAUsn_55pnswrnOCNd/s1600/AS.both.sides.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5673683289568600146" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdAVx-Yso-XbhpVn9iGKH5vb1hlKATdA1lKECnjigXhnf5zqTn3kn9Wej2buRDkEdA7XCy01FQxIP0-mv8A80Er_yezCqUfz5BW9lU7oXrQzIvqS21XJigHiAHTEgAUsn_55pnswrnOCNd/s320/AS.both.sides.jpg" style="cursor: hand; cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 180px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 320px;" /></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 100%;">In this "tramline" layout, the working area is in the middle of the screen and the reference material is arranged to the right and left. It provides more context (i.e. the text before and after the active sentence). The shorter lines could be a disadvantage for longer sentences, and especially on smaller screens. The above screenshot is taken from my 22" monitor. On my 10" netbook, this layout is rather more cramped, although it would be just about workable:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-family: "trebuchet ms"; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-language: DE; mso-no-proof: yesfont-size:100%;"> </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 100%;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-family: "trebuchet ms"; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzp5_H_Nf1wa5vb6JsoHhXHdEpEByMp-NBthRST04ajLdr69XDhz8IsqU9vUtMUrFJS6fW9ZI3_mxb4SNSxwf7ds6VfoKktukx7butHgFYG-90rJ4keOtJlk3fl1G80PKu29dIc45LYOkw/s1600/Netbook.grid.2xAS.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5673683295710161986" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzp5_H_Nf1wa5vb6JsoHhXHdEpEByMp-NBthRST04ajLdr69XDhz8IsqU9vUtMUrFJS6fW9ZI3_mxb4SNSxwf7ds6VfoKktukx7butHgFYG-90rJ4keOtJlk3fl1G80PKu29dIc45LYOkw/s320/Netbook.grid.2xAS.jpg" style="cursor: hand; cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 187px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 320px;" /></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 100%;">One way to make the lines longer in the working area is to work in a separate text area at the bottom of the screen and to split this text area vertically (Tools>Options>Environment). The active sentence is highlighted in the grid, but the working area is now at the bottom, i.e.:</span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-language: DE; mso-no-proof: yesfont-size:100%;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-family: "trebuchet ms"; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 100%;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-family: "trebuchet ms"; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggjCaMYm6-aYFAd06zH_3hOp7ffZC6RS65GYjO2JUdE4rdPG1bFH0bBlweGo1XVX4as_CIPiy9VlhXE8dP2RvC5H7teLCKHXS3KlIkwVnIKlo6c2PALWHkTlxxoAykvovIdGLpHoZmPD1E/s1600/AS.both.sides%252Bsep.text.area.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5673685586378361154" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggjCaMYm6-aYFAd06zH_3hOp7ffZC6RS65GYjO2JUdE4rdPG1bFH0bBlweGo1XVX4as_CIPiy9VlhXE8dP2RvC5H7teLCKHXS3KlIkwVnIKlo6c2PALWHkTlxxoAykvovIdGLpHoZmPD1E/s320/AS.both.sides%252Bsep.text.area.jpg" style="cursor: hand; cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 180px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 320px;" /></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 100%;">I often get jobs with very long sentences, and sometimes the reference pane on the left is empty for most segments. In such jobs, I can simply hide this column, which gives me longer text lines even without using the separate text area:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-family: "trebuchet ms"; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-language: DE; mso-no-proof: yesfont-size:100%;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-family: "trebuchet ms"; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 100%;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-family: "trebuchet ms"; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgk28SPvodo88nw3BJ7Zn0zhazH9TPceZk3cB_fX6BIIuIpTVe5EYB15vXrTrQFoANIwRxzHaQwRlnpuEngrjuK4Fd4K0lBpjZIsOoohc3ZIc4_FmTX2s1G4MOcqdDVE36x6XCHIZFGmdjI/s1600/AS.portions.only.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5673683307428785122" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgk28SPvodo88nw3BJ7Zn0zhazH9TPceZk3cB_fX6BIIuIpTVe5EYB15vXrTrQFoANIwRxzHaQwRlnpuEngrjuK4Fd4K0lBpjZIsOoohc3ZIc4_FmTX2s1G4MOcqdDVE36x6XCHIZFGmdjI/s320/AS.portions.only.jpg" style="cursor: hand; cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 180px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 320px;" /></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-family: "trebuchet ms"; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 100%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB">Hide and display</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-family: "trebuchet ms"; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 100%;">In the last screenshot, note the little tabs on the left and right of the screen. They are "mouse-over" tabs. If I want to have a quick look at "AutoSearch Segments", I simply move the mouse over the tab, and the AS Segments pane opens up, but closes again when I return the mouse to the main grid. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 100%;">Note also the little drawing pin icon at the top right of the "AS Portions" pane. This is a three-way switch for the display of this pane. It can either be fully displayed, as it is here, folded away like the "AS Segments" pane, or it can hover as in the mouse-over function. The combination of the tabs and the drawing pin icons takes a bit of practice, but it helps me to be flexible in using the screen layout. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 100%;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 100%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB">Smaller details</span></b></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 100%;">There are a number of smaller details in the screen layout which can be useful.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-language: DE; mso-no-proof: yesfont-size:100%;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixsicaZr1fL_VLhtkkXOIysbkJxWtnzdQiZIdm4MILZ7sWANBTnkKhGYvXrcgMQjh35giJvzb7XXKs419TJ5E2j9vcTbMn0GFCK32C0He_irV7-jqWCeL4XCM6wlzFWbckw_NPhxe2GOQo/s1600/Top+bar+with+file+path.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5673683318544487458" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixsicaZr1fL_VLhtkkXOIysbkJxWtnzdQiZIdm4MILZ7sWANBTnkKhGYvXrcgMQjh35giJvzb7XXKs419TJ5E2j9vcTbMn0GFCK32C0He_irV7-jqWCeL4XCM6wlzFWbckw_NPhxe2GOQo/s320/Top+bar+with+file+path.jpg" style="cursor: hand; cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 18px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 320px;" /></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 100%;">The top of the DVX2 window shows the name and path of the current project. For example, the project I used for these screenshots is on drive D at the location shown.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-language: DE; mso-no-proof: yesfont-size:100%;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2jkCCHPIF4v67CwCMhFf1XFFGwyZqNUmDDUEg51Bdv5MXFRSX3CnlqOk-Tzx_PlpLyJKnS4VzMc2E9elmMSbibxL-C0UmhcMnC4vXnLFG5gupwdOYKUN4aEDr2xXLdMzP4p9KYfD4Ma4_/s1600/Icons.AW.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5673683320379378514" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2jkCCHPIF4v67CwCMhFf1XFFGwyZqNUmDDUEg51Bdv5MXFRSX3CnlqOk-Tzx_PlpLyJKnS4VzMc2E9elmMSbibxL-C0UmhcMnC4vXnLFG5gupwdOYKUN4aEDr2xXLdMzP4p9KYfD4Ma4_/s320/Icons.AW.jpg" style="cursor: hand; cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 90px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 320px;" /></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 100%;">These six icons are in the middle of the bottom edge of the DVX window. Mousing over them displays what they mean - here I had the mouse over the first icon (AutoWrite). The background colour shows me whether the function is on or off. Here, for example, AutoWrite, AutoAssemble, AutoPropagate and AutoCheck are enabled, but AutoSearch and AutoSend are disabled. These functions can also be switched on or off via Tools>Options>Environment, but the icons are quicker.</span></div>
<span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaT5lgF0EC4BideXf2_2iL82YK3CuskbJ44JPLQz49Lm8NqhoEHf5zN3eq-DVf_b4MaZPmQ4FjgDn6w410IoGZ4rytrWJTiNCf2ib9dGpwRxtUzn8iZy2ABQcHmESihWhTuPWSkEbO10qy/s1600/Over+the+grid.jpg" style="font-family: trebuchet ms;"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5673683492163096706" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaT5lgF0EC4BideXf2_2iL82YK3CuskbJ44JPLQz49Lm8NqhoEHf5zN3eq-DVf_b4MaZPmQ4FjgDn6w410IoGZ4rytrWJTiNCf2ib9dGpwRxtUzn8iZy2ABQcHmESihWhTuPWSkEbO10qy/s320/Over+the+grid.jpg" style="cursor: hand; cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 62px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 320px;" /></a></span> <br />
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<span lang="EN-GB"> </span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-language: DE; mso-no-proof: yes;"> </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB"></span><span lang="EN-GB">This is the area above the working part of the grid, and it contains a few hidden details. The grid language heading boxes (here "German" and "English") switch between alphabetical and chronological view of the project sentences. The language field with the flag has a little arrow to the right, which leads to a list of the target languages in the project (useful for project managers, but not usually for freelancers like me). The box "All segments" also has a little arrow, which opens up a list of types of sentence (all fuzzy matches, all exact matches etc.). The empty box on the left is a row finder. If I know the number of a segment, I can type it here, and DVX2 jumps to that segment (useful if I am proofreading and notice that a segment needs more work when I have finished proofing - I simply jot down the number and jump to the segment afterwards).</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-family: "trebuchet ms"; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB">The tabs above this row show the name of the files which I have opened, so I can move to another file simply by clicking the tab. That in itself does not sound special. But these tabs can also be used to display files side by side (or one above the other). I can then compare my work on two files in context, for example like this:</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7Chx34UzR9siSFzBmCz6AKrXRVC5hxvB2eTU9Fc0Ams506msRVpRyAHUp0z8kDG5l2kFLMSQIG13yaRzgaqD4qccQ-8eDJClqghUFm8twwi2puWBhJkSNHDJayVhpuxVxuRypqYqqrW1V/s1600/2.files_side.by.side.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5673683497345273090" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7Chx34UzR9siSFzBmCz6AKrXRVC5hxvB2eTU9Fc0Ams506msRVpRyAHUp0z8kDG5l2kFLMSQIG13yaRzgaqD4qccQ-8eDJClqghUFm8twwi2puWBhJkSNHDJayVhpuxVxuRypqYqqrW1V/s320/2.files_side.by.side.jpg" style="cursor: hand; cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 180px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 320px;" /></a></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-language: DE; mso-no-proof: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" face="trebuchet ms" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB">This article only looks at the main grid, in other words the screen which I usually see when I work on a project. It does not explore the menu or any of the subsidiary screens, nor does it examine the efficiency of the many functions of the program. But I hope that this visual summary gives a general impression of the working environment.</span></div>
Victor Dewsberyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18342577630994069368noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2998896801371077929.post-59920610600245550022011-10-19T16:33:00.009+02:002011-10-19T18:37:40.482+02:00Deep mining with Déjà Vu X2<div style="text-align: justify; font-family:trebuchet ms;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family:trebuchet ms;font-size:100%;" lang="EN-GB" >"Déjà Vu" is a translation memory program created by the company Atril. It stores my previous translation work in databases and uses these databases to help me in every new translation job. There are three types of database. The "translation memory" (TM) contains the sentences in my source language together with my translations of these sentences. My main TM has about 385,000 sentence pairs in my two languages (German and English), so it is effectively an archive of all the work I have done since I started using Déjà Vu in late 1999. The "termbase" (TB) has terminology items which I have entered. My main TB has about 54,500 terminology pairs. In addition, there is a "lexicon" for each project, which is a place to put proper nouns, client-specific terminology etc. When I work on a new translation project, the program calls on these databases to offer as much help as possible. Sometimes this enables me to work much faster on a project. But usually I have projects with long and complicated sentences, especially contracts, so the speed gains are usually more modest. The main benefit of Déjà Vu for me is as a tool for quality which enables me to be more consistent in my work.</span></div> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; font-family: trebuchet ms; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:trebuchet ms;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:100%;">Over the last 12 years I have seen three generations of the program. The first version was known by the abbreviation "DV3". The next generation, DVX, was released in May 2003. The latest version is DVX2, which was released in May 2011.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; font-family: trebuchet ms; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:trebuchet ms;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:100%;">Each new version has new features. A list of new features in DVX2 can be found <a href="http://www.atril.com/en/content/dvx2s-new-features">here</a>. One new feature which has puzzled many people is "DeepMiner". The theory is that it uses both the TM and the terminology databases to retrieve even more material. But how does it work in practice? There is a <a href="http://atril.com/en/content/9-deepminer">training video</a> which uses an extremely simple example to show cross-analysis between the sentences "I have a brown dog" and "I have a black dog" when translating them into French. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; font-family: trebuchet ms; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:trebuchet ms;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:100%;">So far so good. In practice, however, my sentences are never as simple as this example, and the size of my databases means that DeepMiner has to work much harder. As a result, using DeepMiner on a largish project with big databases can be very slow. And in my experience, DeepMiner is sometimes not helpful because it tries to be too clever and reconstruct the solution from similar sentences in the TM, and in the process it may overlook what I have in my termbase and lexicon. Thankfully, it is easy to switch the DeepMiner function on or off.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; font-family: trebuchet ms; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:trebuchet ms;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:100%;">So how helpful is this new function? To illustrate this, let's look at one example sentence from a complicated German land purchase and partitioning contract in two alternative versions: with and without DeepMiner:</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: trebuchet ms;font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiNyWS3rSF8quvRq6Vu-xYmxbFQZnABrTzS4sf-KEGrUo3koVwXhb8qbmZapm6jsDFOY4SK9QVuNEsmmLfW9s_KZCXmSMUcKvuRppevl-_szTzyM6dK7ulyFFmRdrGobL0_R0IjLCs9KNa/s1600/Without.DeepMiner.75%2525.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 75px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiNyWS3rSF8quvRq6Vu-xYmxbFQZnABrTzS4sf-KEGrUo3koVwXhb8qbmZapm6jsDFOY4SK9QVuNEsmmLfW9s_KZCXmSMUcKvuRppevl-_szTzyM6dK7ulyFFmRdrGobL0_R0IjLCs9KNa/s400/Without.DeepMiner.75%2525.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5665214092918374146" border="0" /></a></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; font-family: trebuchet ms; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:trebuchet ms;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnTF3C7s-ilsuRz-VJT8ZOSjs7hEfIebBJ73Fs4AtYAIx3fFSFBofnUH8hL4GtiFhluCYpV6SDKxRMnJiGKOtH_E7ZKPEOtNdiqb3C_ttSgKX30pcZhX5nb3CT8yPAmWAHTy9KPoxR1830/s1600/With.DeepMiner.75%2525.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 81px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnTF3C7s-ilsuRz-VJT8ZOSjs7hEfIebBJ73Fs4AtYAIx3fFSFBofnUH8hL4GtiFhluCYpV6SDKxRMnJiGKOtH_E7ZKPEOtNdiqb3C_ttSgKX30pcZhX5nb3CT8yPAmWAHTy9KPoxR1830/s400/With.DeepMiner.75%2525.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5665214297810520642" border="0" /></a></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left; font-family: trebuchet ms; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:trebuchet ms;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-style: italic;">My translation:<br />I make the following declarations not in my own name, but as a manager with power of sole representation of ...</span><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; font-family: trebuchet ms; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:trebuchet ms;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:100%;">Looking at the first half of the sentence, where do the phrases "my own name" and "the following declarations" come from in the example with DeepMiner? They are not in the terminology hits for this segment, and there is no whole sentence match. But the TM has many matches containing "die nachstehenden Erklärungen" and the translation "the following declarations" (although "nachstehend" on its own is only in the TB as "hereinafter"). The first three words "my own name" seem strange at first sight. Somehow, DeepMiner seems to have found a correlation between the words "ich ... im eigenen Namen" and the English "my own name", in spite of the fact that the TB entries which use "im eigenen Namen" only offer the English "its own name" and "his own name".</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; font-family: trebuchet ms; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:trebuchet ms;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:100%;">At least in this example, DeepMiner offers solutions which go beyond the conventional assembly and pretranslation routines in the previous version of DVX. In my experience, it is still a matter of trial and error - sometimes it finds surprisingly good suggestions, but sometimes it is not really helpful. One possible workflow to get the best of both worlds is to "Pretranslate" the whole file with DeepMiner activated and then, if the solution is not helpful, to "Assemble" the individual sentence without DeepMiner. To do this, the settings for Pretranslate are:</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: trebuchet ms;font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjB3TATMENzzJx_yubxSbUud8dSnvu4AW9mLkUSXtafASI2lvzxMvb9uOpi2KnaR2ABamB7W7g2pFtBycyY8xvMA_GgpgC8eP784mWoSSvkgUIQKDV9WbAy-C3Un_pVb_8KG4tvN10pAChC/s1600/Pretranslate+with+DM.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 254px; height: 186px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjB3TATMENzzJx_yubxSbUud8dSnvu4AW9mLkUSXtafASI2lvzxMvb9uOpi2KnaR2ABamB7W7g2pFtBycyY8xvMA_GgpgC8eP784mWoSSvkgUIQKDV9WbAy-C3Un_pVb_8KG4tvN10pAChC/s400/Pretranslate+with+DM.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5665221696676640434" border="0" /></a></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; font-family: trebuchet ms; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:trebuchet ms;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:100%;">And the settings for Assemble (under Tools>Options>General) are:</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; font-family: trebuchet ms; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:trebuchet ms;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgX4FpEwpeLzJ2NUsE6PUs5ZZIs7XX8jZcgR8OL0YacR2f37i2VgO8NYH3BrDWfG2Ewc1fIz-kLBm7mSuYplXXfDg4builwRNLwyGTKeO-EUO3C1bLxZScfcpl-NDqBWRzVZ8sICKRXDoTx/s1600/Assemble+without+DM.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 276px; height: 206px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgX4FpEwpeLzJ2NUsE6PUs5ZZIs7XX8jZcgR8OL0YacR2f37i2VgO8NYH3BrDWfG2Ewc1fIz-kLBm7mSuYplXXfDg4builwRNLwyGTKeO-EUO3C1bLxZScfcpl-NDqBWRzVZ8sICKRXDoTx/s400/Assemble+without+DM.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5665221699922027714" border="0" /></a></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; font-family: trebuchet ms; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:trebuchet ms;"><span style="font-size:100%;">I am still experimenting to find out how DeepMiner can be used to best advantage, so perhaps I will be able to add more insights at a later date. Before too long (hopefully) I will comment on some of the other features of DVX2 such as AutoWrite, the information design options in the variable grid layout etc.</span></p>Victor Dewsberyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18342577630994069368noreply@blogger.com9tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2998896801371077929.post-85475554142039829572011-07-04T21:06:00.001+02:002011-07-04T21:07:55.850+02:00Translating is believing<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:trackmoves/> <w:trackformatting/> <w:hyphenationzone>21</w:HyphenationZone> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:donotpromoteqf/> <w:lidthemeother>DE</w:LidThemeOther> <w:lidthemeasian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:lidthemecomplexscript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:compatibility> <w:breakwrappedtables/> 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{mso-style-name:"Normale Tabelle"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:8.5pt;text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:"Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"" lang="EN-GB">There is something special about language. And we, as translators, are in a special position to appreciate it. We have the incredible privilege of using the raw material of language - words, rhythm, imagery - to earn our daily bread.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:8.5pt;text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:"Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"" lang="EN-GB">Part of this privilege is that we see the beauty, uniqueness and variety of two (or more) different languages. This is not only found in literature - we can experience the special charm of our languages even in everyday speech. And every language has its own local variants. I have just experienced a couple of weeks in the west of the USA, where English is the same language as my native British, and yet somehow different. In my adopted language German there are intriguing differences between “High German”, the “Berlinerisch” dialect that some speak in the city where I live and other regional variants such as Bavarian, Swabian, Sächsisch, Mainzerisch and many more.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:8.5pt;text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:"Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"" lang="EN-GB">Fascination at every turn! And this leads me to ask where all of this comes from. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:8.5pt;text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:"Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"" lang="EN-GB">Language is wonderfully creative. Whenever I am reminded of the special quality of our “raw material”, it makes me doubly grateful to the Creator who made it all possible. Working with language means handling a miracle. For me, translation is a celebration of my faith in the God who gave us language.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:8.5pt;text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:"Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"" lang="EN-GB">Here, I am not trying to build a logical and irresistible argument for belief. I am not trying to prove anything to those who do not believe. I am simply giving expression to my own sense of wonder. This is my reason for the title of this article: “Translating is believing”.</span></p>Victor Dewsberyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18342577630994069368noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2998896801371077929.post-21620206647096682992011-06-22T16:37:00.005+02:002019-02-02T11:29:07.178+01:00The voice in the restroom<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 100%;">It was in a men's restroom (i.e. a toilet) on a rest area (a lay-by or service station) next to a freeway (a dual carriageway) in California. Suddenly, a woman's voice rings out loud and clear, speaking in a language that hardly anyone can understand. She says “Dem Strassenverlauf sechzig Kilometer folgen!” Just imagine how the heads turn!</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 100%;">Oops, I have my GPS sat-nav in my shirt pocket and forgot to turn it off when I got out of the car. The lady in the electronic box obviously thinks I am still driving and wants me to continue for sixty kilometres (or is it kilometers?) straight ahead.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 100%;">Yes, folks, I am taking a two week break. I am in jet lag country, a land where I have to make many adjustments. The most obvious is the time difference. When we touched down at San Francisco International, it was half past ten on Sunday evening - but in Berlin, which we had left just a few hours previously, it was already 7:30 on Monday morning. Nine hours! And in a couple of weeks I will have to make the same leap in the opposite direction!</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 100%;">Another adjustment is the language. When I left my home in Berlin, I thought I was going on holiday. But now I find that I am on vacation, and I am faced with a number of language mysteries. The first is the coinage. Exactly what value do nickels, dimes and quarters have? Quarters are explained on the coin (quarter dollar), but the dime coin only confesses to being a dime, without any numerical value, and the nickel (as far as I can make out), is just a slang term for one of those tiny coins with its value printed in words much too small to read in a hurry. Oh for those days of my youth when my currency of everyday use was denoted by easy-to-understand concepts such as tanner, copper, bob, quid and the good old threepenny bit.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 100%;">So although I can hear and speak my native language here, some of the words are rather “foreign” to me. The water to wash my hands comes out of a faucet instead of a tap. A covered shopping arcade is a “mall”, which rhymes with “fall”. And the word “fall” itself has a couple of extra meanings. In the singular it is the season after summer, and in the plural it denotes a waterfall - as in the “Middle Falls”, which we saw yesterday. Very impressive, but it was only one “falls”. And the word “lever” rhymes with “clever” instead of “beaver”. </span> </div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 100%;">Power sockets have their own very distinct character here, too. A cute little face, but with a square nose and square eyes like a cartoon character. Perhaps the square eyes come from watching so much TV.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0a8lV1YHLX_ZUxDfQOTFpiP3rKMwuTR5A9tPkMwC0QB7qKItGk43hKQbiZJ1FipJ4VxLcLgCswcli_nzPkADJXi7FkeOHI0cVYT1OIuFCn0TQafBbmY40CK6bMIdKdG8UDuUEJkA2cylz/s1600/Power.faces.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5621054601592671170" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0a8lV1YHLX_ZUxDfQOTFpiP3rKMwuTR5A9tPkMwC0QB7qKItGk43hKQbiZJ1FipJ4VxLcLgCswcli_nzPkADJXi7FkeOHI0cVYT1OIuFCn0TQafBbmY40CK6bMIdKdG8UDuUEJkA2cylz/s320/Power.faces.jpg" style="cursor: hand; cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 320px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 216px;" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 100%;">And even the seasons are different here. On the longest day in June, a day so hot that even the air conditioning in an American car is struggling to keep me moderately cool, a road though the mountains has to be closed because of deep snow. If I really tried to hitch a ride (or lift) there, I would have to wait a few weeks. Does anyone know what mountain this is? Anyone care to guess in the comments? Then I will let the cat out of the bag. Hey, that's probably a Britishism, I wonder what the locals here would say.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0nYP8Knfdcqm5b-euuIqPpIlMoKJDNkne3jjUpIeU9aKoW9UPiAhs5xR57lZsdeWRFHKBvLc_eWerxg3oo59f2i8dA1NKsO9eFH2-8SUAwc7WMKFPtTcH5bH2PexCgoXpdjzUJ2N3rnQ6/s1600/Road.closed.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5621054164869202530" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0nYP8Knfdcqm5b-euuIqPpIlMoKJDNkne3jjUpIeU9aKoW9UPiAhs5xR57lZsdeWRFHKBvLc_eWerxg3oo59f2i8dA1NKsO9eFH2-8SUAwc7WMKFPtTcH5bH2PexCgoXpdjzUJ2N3rnQ6/s320/Road.closed.jpg" style="cursor: hand; cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 320px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 290px;" /></a></span></div>
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(Later addition:) <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms";">OK, time to spill the beans. The mountain is Mount Shasta, which rises to over 4,000 meters/metres. The "Road closed" sign is at about 2,000 metres on a road that leads past the mountain, and even when open it probably does not go much higher than this car park.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjADIrm7cNA_l7GXmhrD-TNCZsYe7xEWiMZlC95TlKYmUbUm6hP-O8jM78PKbs24efYl8zzbPhFHOmVnuo76AqtdA6I5H2ay_M_9NE_RpVDhkxVhzIXNDJKvVuWAYIhyy6fx5jl5eAIBNKa/s1600/Mount+Shasta.2.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5621788154465161250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjADIrm7cNA_l7GXmhrD-TNCZsYe7xEWiMZlC95TlKYmUbUm6hP-O8jM78PKbs24efYl8zzbPhFHOmVnuo76AqtdA6I5H2ay_M_9NE_RpVDhkxVhzIXNDJKvVuWAYIhyy6fx5jl5eAIBNKa/s320/Mount+Shasta.2.jpg" style="cursor: hand; cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 214px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 320px;" /></a><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms";">We are staying in Redding, about 80 miles further south, and attending a Christian conference at a church here. There is a good view of </span>Mount Shasta from the church grounds (sorry: campus).</div>
Victor Dewsberyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18342577630994069368noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2998896801371077929.post-29671768849258034122011-06-10T21:13:00.001+02:002019-02-02T11:30:18.101+01:00Babel in reverse?<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"></span><br />
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">In many countries around the world, this Sunday (12th June) is celebrated as Whit Sunday, and in some places Whit Monday is a public holiday - and a day off work for employees in many business companies. So it is an important date in the calendar. But if you ask what is actually being celebrated, most people, even in churches, are lost for words.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">The first "Whitsun" was the very opposite. In a spontaneous gathering in first century Jerusalem, which was rather like a "flash mob", the <a href="http://language-mystery.blogspot.com/2010/11/still-building-babel.html">confusion of languages which originated in Babel</a> was overcome, at least for a short time. The story can be found in the New Testament (Acts of the Apostles, chapter 2):</span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">They (the believers) were all filled with the Holy Spirit and began to talk in other languages, as the Spirit enabled them to speak. There were Jews living in Jerusalem, religious men who had come from every country of the world. When they heard this noise, a large crowd gathered. They were all excited, because each one of them heard the believers speaking in his own language. In amazement and wonder they exclaimed: "[...] All of us hear them speaking in our own languages about the great things that God has done!" Amazed and confused, they kept asking each other, "What does this mean?" (Acts 2:4-7, 11-12, Good News Bible)</span></i></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">What happened?</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">The city was full for a Jewish religious festival. The visitors and residents were ethnic Jews and were there for the festivities, which were conducted in Hebrew. Some of the people in the city actually lived in other countries and spoke other languages. The text gives a list of the languages represented, citing 14 or 15 different languages or language groups. But almost all of the speakers of these languages probably spoke Hebrew too, at least as a second language, because they obviously kept their ties with their ethnic home country, otherwise they would not have come to Jerusalem for the festival. And although they had different primary languages, they were still able to communicate with each other about the surprising events they were witnessing. This discussion, and the public speech by the Apostle Peter which followed, were presumably in Hebrew - and without any miraculous translation.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">Was it really necessary?</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">The New Testament narrative portrays a language miracle, a reversal of the events at Babel which I commented on in an <a href="http://language-mystery.blogspot.com/2010/11/still-building-babel.html">earlier blog post</a>. But what was the point of this miracle? </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">● It apparently did not happen during Peter's subsequent speech. The message about Jesus was evidently not conveyed by a language miracle, it was conveyed in Hebrew, and the listeners were able to understand and respond.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">● The people in the crowd were able to discuss the events among themselves without a language miracle.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">● The language miracle came at the start of the flash meeting, when it seems all of the believers were speaking at the same time. They must have been pretty loud, because it was the noise that attracted the crowd. It was only after the crowd had gathered that some of the listeners started saying, "Hey, that's my home language! How come you speak that language?"</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">● We are not told in detail what was communicated by the miracle. We are told that the believers spoke of "the great things that God has done", but the detailed explanation was then given by Peter in a separate speech, presumably in Hebrew.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">So although this event was a language miracle and had an influence on the way the message was received by the crowd, its real significance seems to lie elsewhere - not just in getting the message across.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">And this brings me to another observation on the way language works.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">The credibility gap</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">This blog post is difficult for some to believe. When I speak about a language miracle, I am convinced that it is possible. To me, this is a logical consequence of my faith in God. Perhaps some of my readers do not agree. In itself, that is not a problem. I am sure that we are mature enough to differ without any hard feelings. But our differences also have a linguistic element.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">When I speak about my faith, listeners who do not believe in God can understand the words, but they may find it difficult to grasp what I am talking about. Sometimes it even seems as if we can't communicate at all. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">Similarly, if you tell me about the joys of deep sea diving, some listeners may feel the exciting ripple of water on the skin and the joy of seeing the many life forms that live under water. But the only message I receive is the claustrophobia of the diving mask and the fear of getting water in my nose. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">Our experience of the world influences the way we "understand" language, and differences in our subjective make-up can interfere with our objective ability to comprehend what another person is saying. So when I talk about my belief in God, more than just linguistic ability is necessary to "receive" the message.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">The view from the inside</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">As a linguist, I am curious about the phenomenon of "speaking in tongues" (which is the jargon term for speaking in unknown languages). This phenomenon still happens today, and sometimes I hear such unknown languages used by others, sometimes I use this phenomenon myself as a style of prayer. I do not know whether my own prayers in "tongues" are ever in an identifiable language. I have heard reports of such prayers being identified as specific languages (including a report from someone close to me), but usually I simply do not know. And if I try to analyse the sounds made, this somehow detaches me from the prayer. I can pray in "tongues" or I can analyse - but not both at once. And it is always my choice - this form of prayer is not compulsive or involuntary.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">Language as a mystery</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">I regard language itself as a mystery and a miracle. This post simply explores one facet of this mystery. There is much more that could be said - so feel free to add other aspects in the comments</span></div>
Victor Dewsberyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18342577630994069368noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2998896801371077929.post-73363562655465322522011-05-04T13:30:00.000+02:002011-05-04T13:30:37.904+02:00The specialist opportunity<div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><!--[if !mso]> <style>
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</style> <![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:shapedefaults v:ext="edit" spidmax="1027"/> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:shapelayout v:ext="edit"> <o:idmap v:ext="edit" data="1"/> </o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--> </div><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-GB"></span></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-GB">As a translator it is important to develop expertise in special subjects. But how can we do this? One possibility is to use the opportunities which arise in the course of our work, and then develop them. In my first few years in the translation business, especially in my work for various agencies, I came in contact with a number of subject areas. Some of them were isolated encounters – the topic did not really arouse my interest and I did not develop it. Others became a springboard into a genuine specialism. It has taken time, effort and money to develop these special areas, but I believe that it is worthwhile.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-GB">I would like to begin with a little chart to show ten possible stages in this process:</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8nvEdCzOK1rtwd_fI7WTqYdm4xl2kYlJrgRpl7Miz97q13nB6RmFZu65ljn3hXUo7DxlyJMzSSi0f8x0q5b96n1i61i4RWSCJk05f9RxJSK65pA56_4yOu8JgnxPIG8uAyZkTvJvtufAv/s1600/Information+junkie.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="306" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8nvEdCzOK1rtwd_fI7WTqYdm4xl2kYlJrgRpl7Miz97q13nB6RmFZu65ljn3hXUo7DxlyJMzSSi0f8x0q5b96n1i61i4RWSCJk05f9RxJSK65pA56_4yOu8JgnxPIG8uAyZkTvJvtufAv/s400/Information+junkie.jpg" width="400" /></a></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-GB"></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> </span></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-GB">Some special areas are well defined, and there are clearly targeted courses to help us develop our knowledge. <span> </span>Other specialist areas are less formally structured, and greater resourcefulness is required to develop our skills and find information. </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-GB">Let me explain this by three examples with anecdotes from my own experience:</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-left: 7.1pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-GB">1.<span> </span>Technology (the partial specialist)</span></span></div><div> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-left: 7.1pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-GB">2.<span> A</span>rchitecture/building/property (the self-taught specialist)</span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-left: 7.1pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-GB">3.<span> </span>Law (informal learning and training courses)</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span lang="EN-GB">1. Technology (the partial specialist)</span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-GB">The first translation agency I worked for specialised in technical subjects. I worked on a freelance basis, but usually in their offices. On my first day I was nervous about the subject area and expected that I would be far too slow because I was new to the subject. However, in my very first job there (about a conveyor belt for transporting coal) I found that I could work quickly and well, and I even found a logical mistake in the source text which the end client then corrected. Within a couple of weeks I gained a reputation for speed and competence.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-GB">Encouraged by this success, I then took and passed the State Translation Examination in Berlin with Technology as my special subject.<span> </span>But "Technology" covers many individual disciplines, and I didn't see any realistic way to develop my skills and knowledge in this wide-ranging field. So although I started well and still occasionally do jobs in technical subjects, I only regard myself as a "partial" specialist.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span lang="EN-GB">2. Architecture/building/property (the self-taught specialist)</span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-GB">I started my freelance translating career in 1991 in the most exciting city in the world - the reunited city of Berlin. I had been here long enough to know about the Berlin Wall and the exciting days of political and social upheaval. When the building boom in Berlin began in the early 1990s, this led to a number of translation jobs. I became increasingly familiar with architectural and building texts and translated a number of books on the subject. I started to collect reference works in both languages, especially in my native British English. Then came the opportunity to work on a bilingual dictionary of building (Cornelsen Wörterbuch Bau), which meant that I had to research even more monolingual texts. I even attended building trade fairs (one in Berlin, one in Birmingham/UK) and collected brochures and other information. I subscribed to a couple of e-mail forums where practitioners talk about their trade, exchange references, argue with each other – and never ever worry about other languages or how to translate anything that they say.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-GB">This has led to work in a number of areas and text types: the lyrical prose used by architects and journalists to describe works of architecture, technical descriptions of building processes and materials, texts on urban planning, road and railway construction, rehabilitation of polluted sites, heritage conservation, property advertising materials, a couple of interpreting jobs in construction planning meetings, contract translation and interpreting jobs related to property purchases etc.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-GB">I have never heard of any structured courses or teaching materials directed at translators in these subject areas. The translator can benefit from courses in related areas (e.g. Law), but on the whole, this subject area is a field for the self-taught specialist.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span lang="EN-GB">3. Law (informal learning and training courses)</span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-GB">Here, too, I started from small beginnings and developed specialist knowledge and skills over a number of years. I had some previous experience with legal texts before I began translating as a career, but no formal background. When I passed the State Translation Examination in Berlin, I became eligible to work as a court-approved translator and interpreter. This led to my first experience of a formal training session in the area – a seminar held by the BDÜ which explained the basic principles of working for the courts. </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-GB">After several years of informal learning and many successful translation jobs, I then heard of a number of courses on legal translation at the City University in London, and I have attended a total of five such courses, ranging in length from one day to four days. Some of the people who attended these courses worked hard to obtain a degree (Diploma or M.A. in Legal Translation), others (like me) just attended them for the learning experience as CPD courses ("Continuing Professional Development"). Courses like this are not cheap – the course fee for each course comes to a few hundred euros, plus the cost of transport to London and accommodation. But this investment is important if we take specialisation in our translation work seriously.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-GB">Over to you, dear reader. Where have you been through similar steps to become a specialist? What other possibilities have you identified? Have you found this development easy or difficult?</span></span></div>Victor Dewsberyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18342577630994069368noreply@blogger.com8tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2998896801371077929.post-57556436894128317302011-03-07T12:04:00.001+01:002011-03-09T17:58:54.381+01:00The legacy specialist<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB">How can we specialise as translators? Perhaps you entered translating on the strength of your language skills alone, and you have gradually realised that you need to decide what subjects to focus on. Perhaps you have done a translation course at university, but the special subjects covered in the course did not provide enough depth to make you into a real specialist.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB">So where do you go from here?</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB">The first step is to take stock. What do you already have in your favour? What skills, hobbies and interests do you have outside your work as a translator? What holiday jobs did you do as a student? Have you worked in other careers which gave you an insider's perspective in specific fields? Perhaps you can develop such areas into a real specialist subject.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB">For example, if you have been involved in a technical hobby (e.g. amateur radio, PA systems in a theatre or church, car maintenance, house repairs, computer software or hardware, computer gaming), this may give you a good background. If you understand the concepts used in these subject fields and the jargon in at least one of your languages, you can build on this. And your familiarity with the field will help you to advertise your services, too.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB">This principle could also apply if you have previous background in banking, investments, law, medicine, sports, entertainment, publishing, politics or a host of other areas. It is worth examining them and considering what potential they may offer. If you identify an area which could be useful in your translating career, the next step is to explore how you can develop this specialism, e.g. by collecting reading material in the area in all of your languages, attending courses, finding information and discussion forums on the Internet.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB">My own biography contains various examples of such subject fields. In some cases, I have never got any benefit from them and it never occurred to me to look for work. Other fields have brought one or two jobs but had no lasting effect on my career. And one or two have blossomed into special areas in which I now have a wide range of knowledge and experience.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB">One of the "no shows" is the area of sports and games. In my school and university days I had a reasonable general knowledge and limited skills in sports such as football (soccer), cricket and tennis, and a good knowledge and moderate skills in chess. But the nearest I have come to working in these areas were a couple of legal texts which happened to involve footballers, but without any reference to the sporting action.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB">I have not done much translation related to school education, although I did a one-year university course in Education and spent several years working “at the chalk face” in both Germany and England. Apart from official translations of a few school leaving certificates (mainly German “Abitur” reports), this area has brought hardly any work. The other subject area in which I once worked in-house, publishing, has been slightly more productive. I have occasionally worked on subjects that I learned about there such as layout and typesetting. I have benefited from my in-house understanding of employee organisations and work safety procedures. And my experience in a publishing house helped me to get a number of book translating jobs. But my work in the publishing house also introduced me to an area which is now a major specialism. I became involved in copyright work, mainly to obtain publishing rights for material drawn from other sources. This meant that I needed to read the German Copyright Act and explain some of its provisions in correspondence with offices in England and other English-speaking countries. This gave me a good background several years later when I started to translate legal texts. I then had to develop this subject area step by step to reach the level I am at today. The steps in this development were extremely important, but they are another story for another blog entry.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB">Another area in which I already had considerable background was the Christian religion. I had been actively involved in a variety of Christian churches in both Germany and England, (and still am). Even before I started translating as a career I had often acted as an interpreter for sermons in local churches. In fact, this area was my natural first step as a freelance translator, and in the first three or four years much of my work was in the field of Christian book publishing (mainly translating from my mother tongue of English to my non-native German, but that, too, is another story). I even worked on a bilingual dictionary in this area. This dictionary has been out of print for many years now, but a revised version of the German-English section is still available <a href="http://www.dewsbery.de/Glossar/christen_1.html">on my website</a>. However, over the years I have done less and less work in this area, and distinctly Christian texts are now few and far between.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB">A very mixed career biography. Some potential subject areas never got off the ground (chess, cricket, football). Others seemed promising but only occasionally brought in work (education). One area gave me a solid bilingual background which helped me to get started, but has gradually declined in importance over the years (Christian religion). Another area which once took up only a small part of my time has gradually developed into a major specialism (law). And other specialist areas only developed after I started working as a freelance translator 20 years ago.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB">Dear fellow translators, how has your career drawn on the knowledge and experience you had before you started translating for a living? Did your legacy of experience help you, or did you need to develop completely new skills?</span></div>Victor Dewsberyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18342577630994069368noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2998896801371077929.post-83907858052279784262011-01-31T14:36:00.000+01:002011-01-31T14:36:43.220+01:00Tinker, tailor, translator?<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS,sans-serif;"><em><span style="font-style: normal;">Tinker</span></em><span style="font-style: normal;">, t</span><em><span style="font-style: normal;">ailor</span></em><span style="font-style: normal;">, </span></span> </div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS,sans-serif;"><em><span style="font-style: normal;">Soldier</span></em><span style="font-style: normal;">, s</span><em><span style="font-style: normal;">ailor</span></em><span style="font-style: normal;">, </span></span> </div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS,sans-serif;">Gentleman, apothecary, </span> </div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS,sans-serif;">Ploughboy, thief</span></div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS,sans-serif;">This old children's rhyme gives us a short list of possible careers or walks in life. If we transpose this to the world of translation, we could say that it gives us a list of special subjects. I may be an expert in the language of the “tinker”, who once roamed the streets collecting old iron and repairing household appliances. But I may be clueless when faced with the language of the soldier or sailor. And the language of the “apothecary” (pharmacist) or “ploughboy” require completely different sets of specialist knowledge. </span> </div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS,sans-serif;">This short list of just eight (8) specialist areas is extremely modest. By comparison, the list of subjects in the directory search offered by the German Association of Interpreters and Translators (BDÜ) at <a href="http://www.bdue.de/">www.bdue.de</a> has over 200 entries, and the list of specific fields in the KudoZ terminology search function at the website <a href="http://www.proz.com/">www.proz.com</a> offers about 170. </span> </div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS,sans-serif;">Should a translator try to cover all of these subject areas? Should we flit like butterflies from insurance to philosophy to hydraulics to social studies to beekeeping? Should we offer translations in metalworking, politics, psychology, accounting, horticulture, contracts, marketing, building, veterinary medicine, geology, automotive engineering, dentistry, labour relations, genetics, visual arts, business management, computer gaming, terms of business, geriatrics, job applications, software programming, electronics, tourism, recycling, poetry, nuclear physics, gambling, design, mathematics, brain surgery, journalism, geography, advertising, renewable energy, astronomy, agriculture, aviation, marine biology, geothermal energy, land law, taxation, education and sanitary engineering?</span></div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS,sans-serif;">It is a rhetorical question, and the answer is naturally a quick and easy “No”. Of course we need to specialise in just a small number of areas. But perhaps that is easier said than done.</span></div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS,sans-serif;">The ideal specialist is a person who has full training and years of experience in both languages. For example, a lawyer with legal qualifications in both England and Germany who has worked in law firms in both countries, a geologist, accountant, doctor, engineer etc. with bilingual qualifications and experience. Such people do exist. Some of them even decide to become translators (and a couple of them may actually read this blog). </span> </div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS,sans-serif;">But most translators need to adopt alternative strategies to specialise. Translation is a classic profession for the concepts of “lifelong learning” and “learning on the job”. This is not necessarily a disadvantage.</span></div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS,sans-serif;">So how do we develop special subjects as translators? I will add a few ideas in the days and weeks to come. And feel free to add your own comments on this subject.</span></div>Victor Dewsberyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18342577630994069368noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2998896801371077929.post-40365416201641711192010-12-04T23:35:00.000+01:002010-12-04T23:35:20.636+01:00Normal no more?<div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> </div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">What is the most difficult word in the world? I have seen a number of suggestions including “ilunga” (a term in a language in Congo for various stages of forgiveness for a person who has done something wrong) or the Welsh “hiraeth” (for a specific form of homesickness). In German there is “Geisterfahrer” (literally “ghost driver”, referring to a driver who accidentally drives the wrong way on a motorway, thus endangering himself and everybody else), and the English language could also offer a number of concepts, for example “poppy day” or “party wall surveyor” (don't ask!).</div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">In all of these cases, if you want to express the meaning of these terms in another language, you have to really make a meal of it and give some sort of explanation of the cultural background. They are concepts which cannot generally be translated by a single word, or even a short phrase.</div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">But my personal favourite “hardest word” is the word “normal”. It beats all the other “difficult words” hands down. Concepts such as ilunga, hiraeth, Geisterfahrer and poppy day (and to some extent party wall surveyor) are understood by just about everyone in the appropriate cultural and linguistic community. But what does “normal” mean? Often, there is no consensus about this even in a single family.</div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">Of course we can translate the shell. </div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">The German word “normal” is rendered in English (surprise, surprise!) by the word “normal”. But how much does that help us? If somebody says to you “Why can't you just be normal?”, what do they really mean? Probably simply “Why can't you be like me?”.</div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0cm;">There have been various attempts to define what is normal:</div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0cm;">“Children should be seen and not heard.”</div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0cm;">“Speak when you are spoken to.”</div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0cm;">“Don't do as I do, do as I say.”</div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0cm;">“Boys don't cry.”</div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0cm;">“God helps those who help themselves.”</div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0cm;">“All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.”</div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0cm;">“Keep your hands on the dinner table” (or in other cultures: “Keep your hands off the table unless you are using them to hold a knife, fork or spoon”).</div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0cm;">All of these are cultural. But there are personal differences, too. Is it normal to talk a lot and fill every silence with words, or is it more normal to be quiet? Is it normal to arrive much too early for every meeting, or to arrive at the last minute and sometimes be late because you have miscalculated the time needed to get there? Is it normal to dress formally, or is it more normal to dress casually, even in frayed jeans? Is it normal to work in a 9 to 5 office job, or to work through the night in a home office?</div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0cm;">There is an interesting example in the New Testament that illustrates what “normal” behaviour can mean to different people. Paul and Barnabas wanted to go on a trip to visit churches and to bring the message of Jesus to new territories. The crunch came when they couldn't agree on the companion to take with them.</div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0cm;">Barnabas was a very sociable and open sort of person, and he wanted to take John Mark. Paul objected that John Mark had left them on a previous trip and was therefore not reliable enough for such a task. Paul and Barnabas had such strong feelings in the matter that they got into a terrific argument and were unable to work together for the time being (although they made friends again later). The story can be found at the end of Acts chapter 15.</div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0cm;">What is normal here? Is it normal to judge people on their previous performance and select them on the basis of their past record? Or is it normal to give people a second chance after they have failed to perform as expected on a first task? Who was right and normal, Paul or Barnabas?</div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0cm;">My answer - both of them, or neither of them. They were simply different personalities with different expectations of what normal behaviour means. </div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0cm;">This is more than just a question of linguistic concepts. Realising that “normal” is not the same as “normal” can help us in many clashes of personality. Whether in a marriage, or in any other clash between colleagues, acquaintances or even friends. My “normal” is not your “normal”. Knowing that, I can then learn to appreciate your individuality.</div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0cm;">So am I normal? </div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0cm;">NO WAY!</div>Victor Dewsberyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18342577630994069368noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2998896801371077929.post-29769050240644611132010-11-04T09:03:00.001+01:002010-11-04T09:06:48.151+01:00Look into my eyes!<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyBpT6BW9cg6ka0pijIrjVj0EEj39-FIJiQxFih41b7TFoQwUXZH1Fl4bc7xYj1wzF9n8PUupZC-XRF7M7xB-N3aJo9ziYxbeAqNS0rZOnlFSlxIOhthEs0XiUMbYdA6GkIr4RG-sYNX78/s1600/Gans.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyBpT6BW9cg6ka0pijIrjVj0EEj39-FIJiQxFih41b7TFoQwUXZH1Fl4bc7xYj1wzF9n8PUupZC-XRF7M7xB-N3aJo9ziYxbeAqNS0rZOnlFSlxIOhthEs0XiUMbYdA6GkIr4RG-sYNX78/s320/Gans.jpg" width="306" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Eyes play an important role in communication. This was underlined a couple of days ago in a role play exercise in a counselling seminar that I attended at our church.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">In this role play exercise, I was asked to listen to a person talking about her problems, and to act in two specific ways while she was talking. In the first scenario, I was to give her constant and friendly eye contact, but to think about something completely different and not actually listen to what she was saying. In the second scenario, I was to avoid eye contact and look at the ceiling, at the floor or out of the window, but at the same time to listen very carefully and sympathetically to what she was saying.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">The results of this exercise were interesting. The person who had been talking said that in both scenarios she didn't feel that I was really interested in what she was saying. I felt that this was a fair and reasonable comment. </div><div style="text-align: justify;">But what fascinated me was the effect that this exercise had on me. In the first scenario, when I gave her constant eye contact, I found it immensely difficult not to listen. I went through an internal distraction script in my mind ("I need to buy cheese and milk and bread and coffee, cheese and milk and ...). But it was difficult to stick to this train of thought. When I gave her eye contact, I actually wanted to listen and take her words seriously.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">In the second scenario, as I looked around the room, it was incredibly difficult to concentrate on what she was saying. I tried to listen and sympathise, but looking at the ceiling and out of the window was an enormous distraction.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">I conclude that eye contact is important not only for the person I am listening to, but also for me as the listener. The eyes are an important element in human language.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">At the weekend I visited the zoo in Hamburg (Tierpark Hagenbeck) and took some photos showing animal "faces", including the eyes. Somehow, when we look an animal in the eyes, we seem to ascribe that animal a particular personality or emotion. What do you associate with the animals shown in this entry?</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjU8fbHWlGAnE-Ao7_aBFr5UHnxr_QuATr4IzNrTpujBJf3BeuUQMEFJcyeYikLXLYBK5dGfxzuov5D6GYiE2oBWPDr5alidr88gL7wbF2I6XfEH3Ofll9qLzQHxqKSxe15ZH-LuCcbOZ0P/s1600/Elephant.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="304" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjU8fbHWlGAnE-Ao7_aBFr5UHnxr_QuATr4IzNrTpujBJf3BeuUQMEFJcyeYikLXLYBK5dGfxzuov5D6GYiE2oBWPDr5alidr88gL7wbF2I6XfEH3Ofll9qLzQHxqKSxe15ZH-LuCcbOZ0P/s320/Elephant.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZ3tlazN4eTKg8m0ceyw0D7yUVY-gYVeCAcXLTHFnifJAQ-zHt8xmFNhcvFCek0q1zN-fB9nzaMRQxJkJCh5mQdIwE9BuE2xpCloy6ghcYlJS37aXONPJXaANuNnv4Vu5t0UPypODOsl6q/s1600/Pfau.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="310" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZ3tlazN4eTKg8m0ceyw0D7yUVY-gYVeCAcXLTHFnifJAQ-zHt8xmFNhcvFCek0q1zN-fB9nzaMRQxJkJCh5mQdIwE9BuE2xpCloy6ghcYlJS37aXONPJXaANuNnv4Vu5t0UPypODOsl6q/s320/Pfau.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-yC138wMAiPrnZdw4RnBDdy0QbFs7g80fvfJ2mtI1TSGtPCS08e3R7W_TenbYJihf4IkzwcB_20xeLWUHcP1N1AaDRL-xqUqGF_2gJCgBJJLWI2l_49yYF02a_MOYTcH4n1w_lbPa0KI1/s1600/Leguan2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-yC138wMAiPrnZdw4RnBDdy0QbFs7g80fvfJ2mtI1TSGtPCS08e3R7W_TenbYJihf4IkzwcB_20xeLWUHcP1N1AaDRL-xqUqGF_2gJCgBJJLWI2l_49yYF02a_MOYTcH4n1w_lbPa0KI1/s1600/Leguan2.jpg" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgR0nbymsG_xkCWldrNJw8fDDRbSwHtcyT5ZvoRe4RD_rmiOTGl6jJXIsJIZknCAiBGjJulI4I52Yl8FuuNH3h_fonWJNqVBc8XbjBfHjqZxe4kiBbMb7EpBDnP4IFHbHsS1_zSuWrbkzCM/s1600/Schildkr%C3%B6te1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="223" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgR0nbymsG_xkCWldrNJw8fDDRbSwHtcyT5ZvoRe4RD_rmiOTGl6jJXIsJIZknCAiBGjJulI4I52Yl8FuuNH3h_fonWJNqVBc8XbjBfHjqZxe4kiBbMb7EpBDnP4IFHbHsS1_zSuWrbkzCM/s320/Schildkr%C3%B6te1.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRuj3-9h05Bv_YbiaCdSMlVRb1QFBLsQS5S6eObIknzQ9-fMinYUBHMAUW39XtDmbaSpUKUvvUogkyTNC3MWeMA_kHYGZ0hTNG6OjPToYKTCVDol7qeZJiDvlNP5O1dCczoj1EjHopephp/s1600/L%C3%B6wen.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="136" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRuj3-9h05Bv_YbiaCdSMlVRb1QFBLsQS5S6eObIknzQ9-fMinYUBHMAUW39XtDmbaSpUKUvvUogkyTNC3MWeMA_kHYGZ0hTNG6OjPToYKTCVDol7qeZJiDvlNP5O1dCczoj1EjHopephp/s320/L%C3%B6wen.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>Victor Dewsberyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18342577630994069368noreply@blogger.com0